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MPS ("Mobile Protective Shelters"). Согласно концепции MPS, для размещения 200 МБР предполагалось создать 4600 стартовых площадок-укрытий для горизонтального размещения ракет, рассредоточенных по окружности большого диаметра. Ракета должна была скрытно перемещаться из укрытия в укрытие по случайному закону. Уровень защищенности укрытий должен был быть таким, чтобы обеспечивать вывод из строя только одного укрытия одной атакующей боеголовкой противника. При получении сигнала на пуск крыша укрытия раздвигалась, и ракета, поднявшись в вертикальное положение с помощью системы специальных домкратов, стартовала

В июне 1979 года началась полномасштабная инженерная проработка ракеты MX с основным видом базирования в соответствии с концепцией MPS. Однако, в ходе работ выяснилось, что выбранный вид базирования требовал не только больших финансовых затрат (37 млрд. $),

t.e. 1.5 % WWP w aktualnix cenax . Wpolne dopustimo ( VVP Rossii w 2010 2209 mlrd $ ,esli za
33mlrd $ mozno w yslowijax Rossii sozdat podobnoe bazirowanei -to eto neobxodimo rassmotret)

GDP USA w 1979 - 2562 mlrd $ ( w cenax 2005 -5855 mlrd $)
w 1989 -5482 mlrd $ (w cenax 2005 -7885 mlrd $ ,SSSR-1989 -2350 mlrd $ discounted CIA ev)
w 2005 -12638 mlrd $

Тогда же были развернуты работы по новому варианту базирования, т.н. ”плотной упаковки” - CSB ("Closely Spaced Basing", она же “Dense Pack”). В соответствии с этой концепцией предполагалось строительство сверхукрепленных шахт (рассчитанных на избыточное давление во фронте ударной волны более 700 кгс/см2) всего в 550 метрах друг от друга. Идея заключалась во взаимоуничтожении атакующих боеголовок противника и гашении ударных волн ядерных взрывов, что позволило бы уцелеть основной части ШПУ и произвести ответный запуск. Впрочем, быстро стало ясно, что концепция CSB основана на чрезвычайно сомнительных допущениях.

http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/mx/mx.shtml<\/u><\/a>

700 кгс/см2 -eto 10 000 psi . ili 700 atmosfer ili dawlenie na glubine 7 km

Bunerbuster 13 tonn (s B-2) probiwaet 8 metrow 10 000 psi
krepkost granita -20 000 psi

specialnie materiali dlja bunkerow imejut bolee 100 000 psi ,Iran raspologaet
materialami 30 000 - 40 000 psi .Rossija ochewidno toze

Твердотопливная МБР подвижного подземного базирования в 23 сосредоточенных по кругу шахтах для каждой ракеты (т.н. «ипподромный» - Race-track – тип базирования), 1979 г. Работы прекращены в 1980 г.

http://www.militaryparitet.com/nomen/usa/rocket/data/ic_nomenusarocket/4/<\/u><\/a>

Sejtschas predlagajutsja rjad proektow s srawnimi zatratami

1. Tuvinskaja GES ot Thubaisa za 20 mlrd $ ( i wozmozno ne odna )
2. Kanali Ewrazija ,Wolgo-Don -2 toze po 15-20 mlrd $

Za eti summi dlja Rossii mozno rassmotret

1.sozdanie mobilnoj PRO s raketami 53t6 i RLS
10/35/94 ghz na chassi Topol i bolee moschnix

2. Podzemnoe mobilnoe bazirowanie tipa MX

3. 1 i 2 w komplekse

Бункер Иосипа Броз Тито, расположенный на глубине 250 метров под горой Велебит недалеко от хорватского городка Пакленица http://lenta.ru/culture/2001/11/15/tito/<\/u><\/a>

Bunker presidenta USA verojatno -500 metrow

1 megatonn sozdaet 100 kpa ili 1 atm ili 1 kg/sm^2 na rasstojanii 2.2 -2.9 km

dlja sprawki dweri http://www.mmzso.ru/<\/u><\/a> ,kotorie stojat w Gazprome ,prawitelstwe Moskwi

widerziwajut do 300 kg/sm^2 ili 4400-4500 psi

The DOD, estimating that there are “10,000 known or suspected HDBTs worldwide [identified] by the Defense Intelligence Agency,” some of which are “buried in rock at depths greater than 300 meters” and some of which “hardened to withstand overpressure of about 1 kilobar”

1000 atmosfer ili 14500 psi

has sought both nuclear and conventional weapons to hold these targets “at risk.” While many conventional bunker busters have been developed, the B6 family of weapons includes nuclear weapons with an earth-penetrating capacity. For example the nuclear B61-11bomb, deployed in 1997, was developed to destroy targets below the Soviet Union’s hard or frozen soil.

http://www.ncnk.org/resources/publications/NCNK_Issue_Brief_Bunker_%20Buster_December_2009.doc<\/u><\/a>

In 2004 Sandia National Laboratory Director Paul Robinson argued that the B61-11 while “very good in soil” was “not very good in rock” and that “North Korea targets of high value to the United States are “very hardened, below deep cliffs, in very high –strength rock.” Th

Bunker .Mesto za 35000 funtow na 12 mesjacew .

Foto na linke

http://newslite.tv/2010/05/19/luxury-nuclear-apocalypse-bunk.html

A US firm has started taking reservations from apocalypse scaredy-cats who want to book their place in a luxury nuclear bomb-proof bunker.

Those fearing an impending doomsday are said to be paying Ј35,000 each to guarantee a spot in one of 20 underground structures which are being built across America.

Bunker-makers Vivos claim each bunker will allow residents to survive for at least 12 months in the event of a pole shift, super volcano eruptions, asteroids, tsunamis or a nuclear attack.

Each of the bunkers features 'luxury' surroundings including a gym, atrium and living quarters with computers, kitchens and TVs… let's just hope they haven't only stocked up on post apocalyptic movies.

This depth is called the optimum depth of burial and varies somewhat with the geology of the site, being greater for less dense and structurally weaker material (e.g. loose soil and alluvium) and shallower for dense strong rock (Fig. 1-c, Fig. 2-d, not shown in Fig. 3 but occurs between DOB 125 and 175 ft). For a 1 kt explosion in alluvium the depth is about 50 m (160 ft), in hard rock it is 43 m (140 ft). At the optimum burial depth about 90% of the radioactivity is trapped under the fallback. The largest crater produced by a U.S. explosion on land was by the Sedan test a 100 kt explosion fired at its optimum DOB (192 m).
http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Library/Effects/UndergroundEffects.html

In a fully contained explosion the energy released by the explosion creates a spherical symmetric cavity - the discontinuity of the Earth's surface is too distant to influence the cavities formation.
-----------------------------------------------

Continuing with a 100 kt explosion
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as a concrete example, for the first millisecond the growth of the cavity is driven by the "snow plow effect" - the front of the expanding shock wave. At 1 millisecond the cavity, filled with vaporized rock, has grown to a radius of 10 m and the shock pressure has dropped to one megabar (one million atmospheres).
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At this point the cavity growth and the shock wave become decoupled, with the shock running ahead of the expanding cavity into the surrounding rock at 5 km/sec. The cavity continues to expand over the next few hundred milliseconds until the internal vapor pressure balances the surrounding lithostatic pressure (the weight of the rock above).

At a depth of 800 m this radius is about 45 m, the internal temperature at this point is several thousand degrees C.
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About eight times as much rock is melted as is vaporized, and the cavity is lined with about 50 cm of molten rock. Nearly all the non-volatile radioisotopes produced by the explosion are trapped in this layer of melt. Over the seconds and minutes following the explosion the molten rock drips down to from a layer on the bottom of the cavity, while continued cooling causes the pressure inside the cavity to drop below that of the lithostatic stress in the surrounding rock, allowing the ceiling of the cavity to begin to collapse.

http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Library/Effects/UndergroundEffects.html

t was intended as a bunker buster weapon, using a surface blast after laydown deployment to transmit a shock wave through the earth to collapse its target. Attacks against the Soviet deep underground leadership shelters in the Chekhov/Sharapovo area south of Moscow envisaged multiple B53/W53 exploding at ground level. It has since been supplanted in such roles by the earth-penetrating B61 Mod 11, a bomb that penetrates the surface to deliver much more of its explosive energy into the ground, and therefore needs a much smaller yield to produce the same effects.

The B53 was intended to be retired in the 1980s, but 50 units remained in the active stockpile until the deployment of the B61-11 in 1997. At that point the obsolete B53s were slated for immediate disassembly; however, the process of dissembling the units was greatly hampered by safety concerns, and was not ultimately completed until late 2010.[2][3]

W53
W53 physics package

The W53 warhead of the Titan II ICBM used the same physics package as the B53, without the air drop-specific components like the parachute system, reducing its mass to 8,136 lb (3,690 kg). With a yield of 9 Megatons, it was the highest yield warhead ever deployed on a US missile. About 60 W53 warheads were constructed between December 1962 and December 1963.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B53_bomb

Chekhov
55°09'00"N 37°28'36"E

Chekhov is one of two leadership relocation sites near Moscow [the other is nearby at Sharapovo]. Another is located at Chaadayevka, some 650 kilometers southeast of Moscow near Penza. Sharapovo and Chekhov were constructed in the late 1950s, and underwent modernization and expansion beginning in the early 1970s. Although these two installations may constitute one interrelated complex, the US intelligence community believes that the facilities at Sharapovo are probably for the wartime Defense Council and those at Chekhov for the General Staff. According to a 1983 US intelligence assessment, the deep underground facilities at these complexes for the National Command Authority are "harder, deepter and much less vulnerable than previously estimated."

The support infrastructure for these facilities is substantial. A highly redundant communications system, consisting of both on-site and remote elements, supports these complexes and permits the leadership to send orders and receive reports through the crisis management structure. These installations also have highly effective life support systems capable of protecting their occupants against chemical and biological attack. Such arrangements may enable independent operations to be carried out from these facilities for many months.
Source and Methods

* SOVIET MILITARY POWER various editions
* "Soviet Wartime Management: The Role of Civil Defense in Leadership Continuity" Interagency Intelligence Memorandum NI IIM83-10005JX TOP SECRET

http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/chekhov.htm

n recent years, many military strategists have advocated the deployment and use of very small tactical nuclear weapons against Third-World adversaries, especially in earth-penetrating roles.8 The two lowest yields of the B61 family lie well within this so-called "mininuke" range.

The percent of blast energy converted into shock waves in the earth is extremely sensitive to the depth of the blast.
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Thus even a small increase in earth penetrating capability can greatly affect the military utility of a nuclear weapon to hold deeply buried and hardened targets at risk. Hardening of the B61 to allow very high altitude release, with consequent high velocity ground impact, apparently provides such an increase in capability.

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2

1. Dlja srawnenija -Tank tipa T-90 obespechiwaet wiziwaemost ekipaza na 700-750 metrow ot 30 kt
ili 2000 metrow ot 475 kt

2. Действие наземного ядерного взрыва мощностью 1 Мт в тротиловом эквиваленте

Бомба (боеголовка) касается поверхности земли, срабатывает контактное взрывное устройство. За время от касания до ядерного взрыва она успевает углубиться в грунт на несколько десятков сантиметров.

Окончание реакции, начало разлёта вещества бомбы. Глубина воронки в этом месте ~40—50 м, грунт необратимо деформируется на глубину ~100—200 м в зависимости от породы (3—4 глубины воронки)[лит 5] (С. 28, 227).
Защитное сооружение под эпицентром возможно в (мягком) грунте на глубине от 300 до 900 м[лит 43] или в однородном граните на глубине 100—200 м в виде особо прочного сооружения[# 7][лит 24][лит 44] с амортизацией и 300—400 м в обычной горной выработке с креплением и без амортизации; в скальной породе но под слоем ~200 м мягкого грунта на глубине до 300 м[лит 5].

Энергия взрыва в нижней части трансформируется в изотермическую полусферу испарившегося грунта радиусом 1,5—2 м[лит 23]. В грунт на начальном этапе передаётся ~7 % всей энергии взрыва, но в дальнейшем эта доля уменьшается до 2,5 % за счёт переизлучения большей части энергии в воздух и выброса нагретого грунта из эпицентральной области. (При взрыве обычного ВВ в грунт идёт ~50 % энергии)[лит 5](С. 23, 198).

Ударная волна испаряет и плавит грунт в радиусе 20—30 м[лит 5] (С. 224), [лит 23]. Всего испаряется ~20 тыс. тонн грунта (куб высотой 20—25 м)[лит 5].

Здесь будет граница воронки в скале глубиной до 40 м[лит 5] (С. 227), [лит 46].
На глубине 40 м давление ~200МПа, порода смещается в сторону на ~5 м с ускорением в тысячи g. Особо прочные подземные сооружения (необитаемые) при давлении до 200 МПа в гранитной скале на пределе сохранения[# 7] [лит 24] (С. 26, 29), [лит 4] (С. 82, 83), [лит 47]. Если взрыв в сухом наносном грунте[# 8], то с этого радиуса грунт выбросится со скоростью 54 м/с[лит 1] (С. 238).

200 MPA -eto 2000 atmosfer ili okolo 30 000 psi
Na dne Marianskoj vpadini 1100 atmosfer