8 The mono-pulse or sum-difference RDF technique uses two antennas. The antennas are connected to a four-port combiner 180° hybrid that generates a sum and difference signal. Such sum and difference patterns are generated by means of closely spaced overlapping radiation patterns at boresight. These signals form sum and difference radiation patterns. The ratio of the sum and difference signals and knowledge of the sum and difference patterns are used to determine the direction of the transmitter. Phase information is used to determine on which side of the sum pattern the transmitter is. An advantage of this system is in its capability to determine the direction of a transmitter after receiving one pulse. Such pulse could be a mere few microseconds.
Precision Receiver Inc. Precision Receivers Incorporated (PRI) New technology PRI has introduced proprietary technology to reduce spurious responses in analog to digital converter systems. All ADCs have quantization and timing errors creating spurs in the outputs of ADCs. These spurs degrade the sensitivity of Cellular, SIGINT, COMINT, ELINT and EW systems. Many schemes have been implemented to mitigate these problems such as clock dithering, but the schemes have tradeoffs and consequences including a reduction in the dynamic range of a system. PRI’s technology reduces the magnitude of all the spurs across the IF bandwidth and over the entire RF input bandwidth, nearly the entire Fs/2 as well as all the Nyquist zones. Figure 2 (next page) shows the ENOB performance of PRI’s new technology, current ADC chips and a competitor’s digitizer board. Figure 3 shows the SNR performance of PRI’s new technology. Existing competitive 2.5 GSPS systems struggles to achieve 10 effective bits or ENOB. PRIs technology achieves almost 11.5 bits of ENOB. Increased performance will serve to enhance future systems and PRI’s technology allows for an easy upgrade to existing platforms. Other BW’s are available as well as other clock rates and more ruggedized formfactors are being developed. Precision Receivers Incorporated Introduces 1st HDRR Receiver The HDRR-3.6G-12B is a single-channel signal collection and recording system incorporating PRI proprietary technology to reduce spurious responses in the analog to digital converter. The system collects and records signals across a large (>1GHz) BW. HDRR technology is described as the industry’s most effective way to improve the performance of direct-sampled receivers employed in electronic warfare, radar, signals and communications intelligence, spectrum monitoring, and wireless communications systems. HDRR technology provides an order-of- magnitude improvement in reducing unwanted spurious signals to levels previously unachievable using other methods and increases spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) by up to 16 dB.
HDRR-3.6G-12B PRI Inc 4111 Rutledge Ln, Marshall, VA 20115 Phone (202) 773-4252 info@precisionreceivers.com www.precisionreceivers.com Precision Receiver Inc. Precision Receivers Incorporated (PRI) New technology PRI has introduced proprietary technology to reduce spurious responses in analog to digital converter systems. All ADCs have quantization and timing errors creating spurs in the outputs of ADCs. These spurs degrade the sensitivity of Cellular, SIGINT, COMINT, ELINT and EW systems. Many schemes have been implemented to mitigate these problems such as clock dithering, but the schemes have tradeoffs and consequences including a reduction in the dynamic range of a system. PRI’s technology reduces the magnitude of all the spurs across the IF bandwidth and over the entire RF input bandwidth, nearly the entire Fs/2 as well as all the Nyquist zones. Figure 2 (next page) shows the ENOB performance of PRI’s new technology, current ADC chips and a competitor’s digitizer board. Figure 3 shows the SNR performance of PRI’s new technology. Existing competitive 2.5 GSPS systems struggles to achieve 10 effective bits or ENOB. PRIs technology achieves almost 11.5 bits of ENOB. Increased performance will serve to enhance future systems and PRI’s technology allows for an easy upgrade to existing platforms. Other BW’s are available as well as other clock rates and more ruggedized formfactors are being develop
Passive Direction Finding [DF] Techniques – DTOA (Difference Time of Arrival) Comparison Written By Riccardo Ardoino
The Time-Of-Arrival (TOA) comparison measurement can be done with a two antennas receiver, a third antenna is used to eliminate ambiguity, and four antennas are used to cover 360° in Azimuth.
Assuming two antennas at distance “B” between them (order 10m). Assuming incident radiation from the emitter >> B (≈ Infinite). The difference in Time of Arrival observed at the two antennas is ∆TOA, with ∆R = B x sin (DOA) equal to the optical path difference.
Under this concept antennas are combined which are built up as an antenna array and which get a special method in the feeding: The single antenna elements aren't always together switched in phase! For different purposes various sums and differences can be formed from the received energy.
Концепция моноимпульсных антенн объединяет в себе антенны, построенные в виде антенной решетки, и имеющие особый способ питания, при котором отдельные ее элементы не всегда запитываются синфазно. Для различных задач из принятой отдельными антеннами энергии могут формироваться различные комбинации в виде суммы и разностей.
Отправлено: 17.08.22 09:51. Заголовок: an idealized represe..
an idealized representation of a six antennas amplitude Direction of Arrival installed on aircraft a picture of a ship Mast in which the DF amplitude section is highlighted
Отправлено: 17.08.22 13:54. Заголовок: In the case of a SIG..
In the case of a SIGINT system, these values and other factors must be chosen according to the category for the SIGINT system installed in a civilian aircraft platform for military use. Then, the antenna can be selected from among several antennas that satisfy these criteria. For example, a blade antenna with a low temperature limit of −54°C can be selected according to the military standard (method 501.3, proc. I & II) for an antenna mounted on the skin of an aircraft. 2.4. Systemic Approach for Antenna Selection
In addition to the previously mentioned criteria, a systemic approach is needed for the antenna installation. In the frequency range corresponding to the COMINT band, the use of a spiral or horn can be very restricted because the resultant antenna is supposed to be too large to be used. Moreover, there are existing blade antennas that cover the COMINT frequency range and have a nearly omnidirectional pattern [16]. Thus, a blade antenna is frequently used as a COMINT antenna. On the other hand, in the ELINT band, the spiral and horn antennas are frequently used for the system because they have appropriate physical volumes and performances (moderate gain, adequate pattern, and so on) [17]. Therefore, it can be concluded that when the interferometer array is configured, the blade antenna could be profitably used in the array for COMINT and the spiral or horn antenna would be advantageous in the array for ELINT. For this reason, as the airborne antennas, the blade antenna is selected for the COMINT operation and the spiral or horn antenna is employed for the ELINT operation.
Classical DF algorithms are designed to detect one signal and deliver DF results only for the strongest signal component in the case of multiwave incidence. However, the DF results in multiwave incidence may be distorted and occasionally provide the wrong results. The interferometer and beamforming approaches are examples of classical DF algorithms. Super-resolution algorithms evaluate the DF results for each component of a signal mixture, where the components may overlap completely in time and frequency [22]. The estimate of the signal number represents an integral part of any super-resolution DF algorithm. The separation into different signal components can improve the accuracy of the DF results and subsequent position fixing of the signals.
Airborne ELINT uses a belly radome housing or pod type attached to the aircraft body to collect the radio signals that can be used for direction finding.
The interferometer DF systems for ELINT are mainly composed of a three- or four-element array according to the required degree of DF accuracy. Array configurations for a three-element interferometer with two different baselines are shown in Figure 1. The arrays may be classified according to the channel used for phase reference [25]. If the first channel is the reference for the other channel, the array is called end-phase left, as shown in Figure 1(a). Similarly, if the last channel is the reference for the other channel, the array is called end-phase right. Finally, if the middle channel is the reference for the other channel, the array is called midphase, as seen in Figure 1(b). Interferometer DF systems generally use multiple baselines to achieve a high DF accuracy and resolve angular ambiguity. As shown in Figure 1, the widest baseline, , is used to achieve DF accuracy, and the other baseline, , is used to resolve the angular ambiguity.
4.2. DF Accuracy for Interferometer DF System
In order to satisfy the requirement, one important factor is the DF accuracy. The theoretical root-mean-square (RMS) angular errors in terms of the SNR [27–29] are given as follows:
длина волны/(2pi *на расстояние между крайними элементами*cos угла ,при перпендикулярном к антенне угол =0 cos=1*корень квадратный сигнал шум)
Отправлено: 17.08.22 14:02. Заголовок: Radiolocation vs. ra..
Radiolocation vs. radionavigation ı “Radiolocation” normally refers to finding the location of a source of radio frequency energy. ı Sources of RF energy can also be used to determine one’s own location – this is more properly referred to as radionavigation as opposed to radiolocation. ı For example, aircraft use navigational aids such as VOR, DME, and ADF to determine their own location. ı Sometimes the same methodologies are used for both radionavigation and radiolocation (e.g. crossed loops in ADF). Denisowski - Introduction to Radio Direction Finding Methodologies
Bearings ı Direction-finding systems generate bearings (sometimes called “lines of bearing” or LOBs) that point towards a target. ı Two ways of using bearings: A single bearing can also be used when homing towards a target. Multiple bearings taken from different locations can be used to compute the most probably location of a target. ı Accuracy in direction finding is primarily a function of the accuracy of the bearings, which in turn depends on the methodology used to produce the bearings as well as the operator / configuration. ı The algorithms used to process multiple bearings and compute a target location also play a non-trivial role in accuracy
The resolution of interferometers improves as antenna separation increases; however, the spatial constraints imposed by an airborne platform require our system to function with antennas approximately 5 cm by 7.5 cm, placed only a few meters apart. As a result there are only slight time differences between them. Utilizing these small differences to provide highly accurate AoAs was the primary challenge of this project.
An advantage to comparing phase is that when the distance between antennas is on a similar scale to the wavelength of the received signals, the phase difference is significant enough to measure accurately. For the X band, the wavelength of the signals is generally smaller than the
antenna separation; therefore a phase interferometry system does not have the same small-scale accuracy issues present in a TDOA system.
Figure 18: Setup of a three antenna phase interferometer. Each of the three lengths, s12, s23 and s13, has a distinct value.
. To determine the optimal antenna spacing between antennas 1 and 2, we tested all antenna 1-2 spacings between 5 cm and 20 cm with a step size of 0.5 cm. The optimal position of antenna 3 was calculated using our spacing function.
For the system, the 10 cm and 21 cm separation was chosen to provide a balance between mean error due to noise and certainty values.
4.3 Error versus Signal Strength The strength of the signal, and by extension the signal to noise ratio, has the largest effect on error and certainty. Figure 28 shows the certainty for several SNRs: 5 dB, 20 dB, 40 dB and 60 dB. The 20 dB and 60 dB SNRs are the minimum and maximum values of SNR that our system is required to handle. The discontinuities found in the 5 dB plot in Figure 28 are due to the system mistaking the signal for noise and consequently ignoring the data set, thus not performing any AoA calculations. Even when the SNR is at 20 dB, the certainty rarely drops to 0. Figure 29 shows the error and certainty at 45◦ for a range of SNRs. The certainty tends to remain in the green region for SNRs above 30 dB. The error appears to decrease exponentially with the SNR.
The SNR ratio reached the edge of the system requirements at 100 km. However, even at 500 km, the error due to noise is well within the ±2.5◦ requirement
Отправлено: 19.08.22 02:30. Заголовок: for our minimum SNR,..
for our minimum SNR, 20 dB, the difference in average error between the edges of the range (-45◦ and 45◦) and 0◦ was 0.02◦ and the maximum error between ±45◦ was 0.415◦, well below our ±2.5◦ accuracy requirement
Отправлено: 19.08.22 04:20. Заголовок: In this letter, a no..
In this letter, a novel method for achieving high direction-finding (DF) accuracy that is below 0.1° root mean square error (RMSE) in phase interferometer systems is proposed. To do this, unambiguous array spacing with maximum phase-difference error is first obtained, and then the set of array spacing with both the longest baseline and the maximum phase-different error is selected. An example to achieve an accuracy below 0.1° RMSE in the frequency range of 6-18 GHz with a field of view of 120° is provided to validate the proposed method. Simulation results show that 0.026° RMSE DF accuracy is achieved.
Отправлено: 19.08.22 16:58. Заголовок: . В современных усло..
. В современных условиях при отсутствии оптической видимости (ночью, в тумане, при запылении и задымлении атмосферы) эта задача выполняется радиолокационными станциями разведки наземных движущихся целей (РЛС РНДЦ). С их помощью осуществляется охрана важных рубежей и объектов от несанкционированного проникновения, точное определение местоположения сил противника, своевременное автоматическое обнаружение и распознавание наземных, надводных и низколетящих движущихся объектов.
Изделие представляет собой когерентную, многоканальную радио-
локационную станцию с непрерывным излучением широкополосного ЛЧМ-сигнала низкой мощности. Принцип работы и боевого применения станции заключается в сканировании заданного сектора с автоматическим обнаружением движущихся целей, определением их полярных координат, отображением целевой радиолокационной обстановки на фоне электронной карты местности, а также использованием полученных координат для наведения автоматического стрелкового оружия.
Станция обеспечивает высокую скрытность работы, так как ее излучаемая мощность меньше, чем у сотового телефона. Все радиоэлектронные устройства, блоки первичной обработки и вторичный источник питания размещаются в приемопередатчике, который совместно с приводом устанавливается на треноге. Пульт управления с аккумуляторной батареей размещается на удалении от приемопередатчика.
РЛС «Фара-ВР» обеспечивает сопряжение с несколькими видами станкового стрелкового оружия и используется в качестве радиолокационного прицела. Конструктивное исполнение РЛС предусматривает возможность ее десантирования в штатном грузовом контейнере ГК-30.
РЛС четвертого поколения
«Фара-ВР» объединяет в себе практически все возможности современных радиолокаторов:
автоматическое обнаружение наземных движущихся целей в секторе разведки до 180 градусов; автоматическое распознавание типов целей (человек, группа людей, низкоскоростная техника, высокоскоростная техника) при сканировании в секторе разведки; дораспознавание по доплеровскому сигналу от целей; автоматическое сопровождение нескольких целей с отображением их траекторий и параметров; отображение целевой обстановки на фоне электронной карты местности; комплексирование с малогабаритными оптико-электронными приборами, устанавливаемыми на приемопередатчик; отображение радиолокационной и видеоинформации на едином дисплее пульта управления; работа в составе автоматизированных систем управления.
Благодаря передовым техническим решениям, заложенным в изделие, РЛС «Фара-ВР» соответствует мировому уровню развития радиолокационной техники по всем основным тактико-техническим характеристикам.
Разведывательный взвод(технических средств разведки) состоит из двух отделений ( радиолокационной разведки ) и двух отделений (разведывательно-сигнализационной аппаратуры)
Личного состава - 23 чел.
ГАЗ- 233014 «Тигр» - 4 ед. или
БРМ-1к - 4 ед.
ПСНР -8 - 2 ед.
1К119 - 2 комплекта.
Р-168 – 0,5У - 4 ед.
Всего в роте технических средств разведки:
Личного состава - 48 чел.
ГАЗ- 233014 «Тигр» - 8 ед. или
БРМ-1к - 8 ед.
ЛПР-2 - 3 ед.
ПСНР – 8 - 2 ед.
Тепловизор ТПН-1 - 3 ед.
1К119 - 2 комплекта.
Р-168 – 5 УН - 1 ед.
Р -168 – 0,5 У - 10 ед.
Для ведения разведки из состава роты технических средств разведки могут выделяться наблюдательные посты, радиолокационные посты и устанавливаться разведывательно-сигнализационные средства .
Таким образом, рота может выделить для ведения разведки 2-3 наблюдательных поста, до 2-х РЛП,а также в зависимости от условий обстановки, поставленной задачи, решения командира соединения с использованием РСАможет вести разведку 6-8 направлений, или 4-6 районов (рубежей), или «прикрыть» до 4-6 объектов в тылу своих войск.
Рота радиоэлектронной разведки предназначена для ведения радио - и радиотехнической разведки частей и подразделений в тактической глубине, пунктов управления дивизий, бригад (полков), батальонов, артиллерийских дивизионов и батарей, в том числе пунктов управления ВТО и пунктов управления частей армейской авиации, а также районов размещения наземных РЛС, маршрутов полетов вертолетов (самолетов) их аэродромов и районов их посадочных площадок, батальонных районов обороны и ротных опорных пунктов, передовых пунктов управления и передовых авианаводчиков тактической авиации, подразделений войсковой системы ПВО и их органов управления.
Рота состоит из управления, группы обработки информации (ГОИ), трех взводов радиоразведки и взвода радиотехнической разведки
Всего в роте радиоэлектронной разведки:
Личного состава - 74 чел.
Комплекс радиоразведки Р-381Т«Таран» - 1 компл.
Станции радиотехнической разведки МАСРР – 3 ед.
Электростанция ЭД4-230-ВО - 1 ед.
Р – 396С - 3 ед.
МТ – ЛБУ - 10 ед.
КАМАЗ - 1 ед.
Автоматизированный комплекс радиоразведки Р-381Т «ТАРАН» предназначен для поиска, обнаружения, перехвата, технического анализа радиопе-редач, сбора, обработки и отображения информации, определения ко-ординат источников радиоизлучения (ИРИ), распознавания объектов разведки и их оперативно-тактической принадлежности, а также передачи разведывательных данных на пункт управления начальника раз-ведки бригады
Автоматизированный комплекс радиоразведки Р-381Т предназначен для разведки наземных и воздушных источников радиоизлучения в диа-пазоне 1,5-1000 мГц и включает в себя:
- две станции Р-381Т1 - для ведения разведки источников ради-оизлучения наземных объектов в коротковолновом (КВ) диапазоне (1,5-30 мГц) по поверхностной волне на дальность до 50 км, радиорелейных станций (200-1000 мГц) на глубину до 40 км, а также радиостанций летательных аппаратов в диапазоне 100-400 мГц при высоте полета 600-1000 м на дальность 100-400 км;
- четыре станции Р-381Т2 - для ведения разведки наземных уль-тракоротковолновых (УКВ) радиостанций в диапазоне 30-100 мГц на дальность до 30 км;
- три мобильных автоматизированных станции радиотехнической разведки (МАСРР) - для ведения разведки наземных радиолокационных станций (РЛС) противника в диапазоне 2500-18000 мГц на дальность до 70 км;
- одну станцию Р-381Т3 - для управления и автоматизированного сбора обработки разведывательных сведений.
re: радиоразведка пеленг в диапазонах 2-18 ГГц с точностью 0.1 градуса на платформе автомашины Тигр/ Борьба с квадрокоптерами ( не в автономном режиме ) + сканирование оптикой 40x110 с пзс матрицей пo углу места
расстояние между антенной 1 и 3 31 сантиметр page 10
https://web.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-101012-211424/unrestricted/DirectionFindingPresentation.pdf ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/212979949.pdf was able to determine the azimuthal AoA for a received electromagnetic signal in the X band to within ±0.1◦ in simulations includ- ing realistic noise models for a 170◦ field of view. The system processes X band radar pulses (8-12 GHz) on a 100 MHz intermediate frequency (IF) band. The system monitors the 4 GHz band 100 MHz at a time The down converter reduces the frequency of the signals from the radio frequency (RF) of 8-12 GHz to the IF of 15-115 MHz
The horn antenna, shown in Figure 8, is a type of directional antenna commonly used to detect signals in the X band (8-12 GHz), t Figure 18: Setup of a three antenna phase interferometer. Each of the three lengths, s12, s23 and s13, has a distinct value.
Plot of separation between antennas 1 and 3 versus the minimum separation between phase lines. This plot shows the result of the optimal antenna spacing function. The results shown are for s12 = 10 cm and a maximum frequency of 12 GHz. ###################
в работе использован старый ацп TI ADS5400 12 bit 1 GSPS,compare российский 200 msps
To compute the DF accuracy of the three-element array configuration in the frequency range of 2–6 GHz with , the array spacings are and (where is a wavelength of 6 GHz) and the SNR is 20 dB
4. аналого цифровые преобразователи 2-10 GSPS и средства линеаризации (Post processing ) ,увеличение динамического диапазона
SFDR 12 dB improvement expands that, for example, extends radar range by a factor of 2. These are the levels our industry must achieve to maintain EW superiority
High instantaneous dynamic range NSD −155 dBFS/Hz at 10 GSPS with −9 dBFS, 170 MHz input −153 dBFS/Hz at 10 GSPS with −1 dBFS, 170 MHz input SFDR: 70 dBFS at 10 GSPS with −1 dBFS, 1000 MHz input SFDR excluding H2 and H3 (worst other spur): 89 dBFS at 10 GSPS with −1 dBFS, 1000 MHz input
у комплекса Панцирь поле зрения пассивного оптического локатора в составе радаров сопровождения и наведения 1,8° × 2,7° скорость сканирования 100 градусов в секунду
The instantaneous field of view (IFOV) is a fundamental sensor parameter. At range R, a single IFOV covers a distance D = IFOV*R. As an example, detectors for visible digital cameras (Nikon, Canon) are about 10 μm in size. With a 100-mm lens the IFOV = (10*10-6)/(100*10-3) = 10-4. At a range of 1 ,000 meters, the IFOV covers 10 cm. If the target were 1 meter x 1 meter, we might say there were 10 x 10 = 100 IFOVs on target; this is usually replaced with the sloppier phrase, 100 pixels on target
The choice of optics and detector affect the magnification provided an d image clarity. Image quality includes measures of: • Contrast – Degree of difference between lightest and darkest portions of image • Luminance – Brightness of image • Noise – Random signal from sources outside the image itself • Sampling – Digitization due to binning of signal into pixels • Blur – Smearing of image due to diffraction and/or imperfect focus (e.g., due to jitter)
• How many pixels are required to give a 50% probability of an observer discriminating an object to a specified level? • Experiments with observers yielded the following − Detect (determine if an object is present) 1.5 pixels − Recognize (see what type of object it is; e.g., person, car, truck) 6 pixels − Identify (determine if object is a threat) 12 pixels • These are the number of pixels that must subtend the critical dimension of the object, determined by statistical analysis of the observations − Critical dimension of human 0.75 m − Critical dimension of vehicle 2.3 m • Hence for a human, the requirements are − Detect 2 pixels/meter − Recognize 8 pixels/meter − Identify 16 pixels/meter • For a man who is 1.8 m x 0.5 m, this corresponds to requirements of − Detect 3.6 pixels tall by 1 pixel wide − Recognize 14.4 pixels tall by 4 pixels wide − Identify 28.8 pixels tall by 8 pixels wide Johnson Criteria
9.Accuracies of 10meter over a 100Km distance has been reported. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
The mono-pulse or sum-difference RDF technique uses two antennas. The antennas are connected to a four-port combiner 180° hybrid that generates a sum and difference signal. Such sum and difference patterns are generated by means of closely spaced overlapping radiation patterns at boresight. These signals form sum and difference radiation patterns. The ratio of the sum and difference signals and knowledge of the sum and difference patterns are used to determine the direction of the transmitter. Phase information is used to determine on which side of the sum pattern the transmitter is. An advantage of this system is in its capability to determine the direction of a transmitter after receiving one pulse. Such pulse could be a mere few microseconds.
Концентрация сил должна рассматриваться как норма, а их рассредоточение – как исключение, требующее доказательств.
Клаузевиц
это проект ,не такой большой как ядерный но во главе должен быть человек с организационными способностями Лаврентия Павловича Берия
1. Концентрация на одном аналого-цифровом преобразователе,члены комитета пo АФАР скажут на каком 2. Исключительно мелкосерийное производство для РЛС системы радиоразведки,головок наведения ракет 3. производительность российских схемотехников берется реалистично в 0.2 Analog Device 4. 4 параллельных группы разработчиков ,в каждой пo 100 инженеров 5. Задача грамотно скопировать, как это сделали в https://www.mri-progress.ru/products/bis-i-sbis/spetsialnye-sbis/sbis-16-razryadnogo-atsp/
High instantaneous dynamic range NSD −155 dBFS/Hz at 10 GSPS with −9 dBFS, 170 MHz input −153 dBFS/Hz at 10 GSPS with −1 dBFS, 170 MHz input SFDR: 70 dBFS at 10 GSPS with −1 dBFS, 1000 MHz input SFDR excluding H2 and H3 (worst other spur): 89 dBFS at 10 GSPS with −1 dBFS, 1000 MHz input
"Пенициллин" предназначен для разведки огневых позиций ствольной и реактивной артиллерии, а также зенитных и тактических ракет. Комплекс фиксирует акустические и тепловые волны от выстрелов и разрывов и выдает оператору точные координаты местоположения орудия противника для ручного и автоматического нанесения на электронную карту. При этом время получения координат одиночной цели, ведущей стрельбу, составляет не более пяти секунд. Плюс "Пенициллина" в том, что, в отличие от применяемых войсками Украины американских РЛС контрбатарейной борьбы AN/TPQ-36, он не использует в своей работе радиоволны, поэтому его нельзя засечь радиотехническими средствами и подавить системами радиоэлектронной борьбы. "Пенициллин" разработан входящим в "Росэлектронику" предприятием НИИ "Вектор". Комплекс эффективно работает в любое время суток при температуре от -40 до +50 градусов Цельсия. Система устанавливается на шасси "Камаза", ее разведывательный оптико-электронный модуль крепится на подъемной мачте.
Отправлено: 20.12.22 11:36. Заголовок: В России разработан ..
В России разработан новый комплекс пеленгации терминалов спутникового интернета Starlink, активно используемых украинской армией. Новый комплекс, получивший название "Борщевик", уже завершает испытания.
Частная компания "Сестрорецкий оружейный завод" разработала комплекс "Борщевик", предназначенный для пеленгации работающих терминалов спутникового интернета Starlink. Согласно заявлению разработчиков, комплекс позволяет засекать местоположение терминала на расстоянии 10 км в секторе 180 градусов, при этом погрешность не превысит 60 метров. Время пеленгации одной точки составляет не более 15 минут.
Данные о местоположении терминалов Starlink выводятся с применением современного графического интерфейса с возможностью подключения топографических карт местности.
О самом комплексе известно мало, сообщается, что он мобильный, т.е. устанавливается на наземное шасси. Это, в свою очередь, позволяет применять "Борщевик" в районе линии соприкосновения и при необходимости оперативно менять местоположение.
Стоит отметить, что система спутникового интернета Starlink активно используется ВСУ для обеспечения связи и управления, отключение терминалов или сбои в их работе негативно сказываются на боеспособности украинской армии. ВСУ созданы по образцу и подобию армии США, где уделяется огромное значение получению оперативной информации, в том числе с использованием всех видов разведки, включая спутниковую. Как уже показали боевые действия в рамках СВО, применение комплексов РЭБ, глушащих связь украинских подразделений, приводит у полной неразберихе и большим потерям ВСУ.
160 ОТРАБОТКА МЕТОДОВ РАДИАЦИОННОЙ РАЗВЕДКИ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ БЕСПИЛОТНЫХ ЛЕТАТЕЛЬНЫХ АППАРАТОВ «ОРЛАН» А. И. Андреев, И. И. Андреев, А. Н. Андреюк, П. В. Макеенков, Д. И. Полев ФГУП «РФЯЦ-ВНИИЭФ», г. Саров
Согласно международной системе клас- сификации БЛА «Орлан-10» является мно- гоцелевым, оперативно-тактическим, мно- горазового использования, без аэродромно- го базирования, большой продолжительно- сти полета с точечной посадкой и малой массой БЛА самолетного типа. БЛА выпол- нен по схеме моноплана с верхним распо- ложением крыла и оснащен двигателем внутреннего сгорания. Основные характе- ристики аппарата приведены в табл. 1.
пассивного РЛСр является разработанная ЗАО «НПП «Спец-Радио» для ЗРВ станция радиотехнической разведки «Ор- ден» (рис. 2), являющаяся пассив- ной РЛС (ПРЛС). Станция способна вести обзор пространства вкруго- вую с темпом 2 с в диапазоне частот 0,2—18 ГГц, сопрягается с широ- ким перечнем потребителей, таких как командные пункты ЗРС и ЗРК, комплексы средств автоматизации зенитных ракетных и радиотехни- ческий войск, а также частей радио- электронной борьбы.
Отправлено: 05.06.23 01:04. Заголовок: Таким образом, приме..
Таким образом, применение средств пассивной радиолокации по- зволяет повысить разведывательные возможности подразделений ЗРВ. Дополнительная информация о це- лях, недоступная ранее, а также ее скрытное получение позволит более эффективно применять «засадные» действия при борьбе с воздушными целями. При этом в качестве огне- вых средств могут использоваться ЗРК разли чных классов, в том чис- ле переносные ЗРК. Использование многопозиционных комплексов по- зволит существенно расширить воз- можности по обнаружению и опре- делению координат малозаметных мини- и микро-БПЛА. Вместе с тем насыщение района боевых действий средствами пассив- ной радиолокации может отразиться на изменении тактики использова- ния противником летательных аппа- ратов, вынудив ограничить исполь- зование бортовой радиоизлучающей аппаратуры.
The Lockheed Martin AN/ALQ-217 Electronic Support Measures (ESM) system functions as the highly sophisticated ears of advanced tactical aircraft. As a passive sensor system, the AN/ALQ-217 protects the warfighter by identifying and locating sources of radio frequency (RF) emission and providing a full range of ESM operation
The AN/ALQ-217, found on the U.S. and international Navy’s E-2C and new E-2D Advanced Hawkeye aircraft, offers the warfighter these significant attributes: • Unparalleled performance in dense littoral and open ocean environments • Adaptable system performance allows for dynamic user prioritization and mission customization • Hardware and software easily tailored to new platforms • Fast reaction time helps increase survivability of strike force
Отправлено: 02.12.23 20:26. Заголовок: There are several ex..
There are several examples of SIGINT attacks in recent events. One of the most common techniques used in attacks is satellite-based eavesdropping. This technique was used in 2009 by Iraqi hackers to eavesdrop on the video data from the Predator U.S. drone that was being transmitted to the central unit. The most notable aspect was that a $26 software package (the Russian SkyGrabber) was able to hack a U.S. drone transmitting sensitive information, showing the importance of proper SIGINT implementation.
Отправлено: 02.12.23 20:29. Заголовок: 28 October 2022 R..
28 October 2022
Rohde & Schwarz (R&S) has developed a mobile system to provide electronic warfare awareness training and support for ground force exercises, which it provides as a training service to the US Marine Corps (USMC) at the Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Centre (MCAGCC) at 29 Palms in California.
The SigBadger system consists of two vehicles, each with signals intelligence (SIGINT) capability. According to R&S documentation, this consists of direction finding (DF) and geolocation in the 300 kHz–6 GHz frequency band; signal analysis and spectrum monitoring of more than 300 kHz–26.500 GHz; and electronic intelligence (ELINT) of more than 20 MHz–40 GHz. The two vehicles have identical capabilities but only one is manned by operators, who exercise remote control over the equipment, in the other vehicle, which only needs a driver.
R&S showcased the SigBadger capability at the Association of the United States Army (AUSA) 2022 annual convention in Washington, DC, in October, displaying the control vehicle, which contains a suite of intercept and analysis equipment plus two operator workstations.
The vehicle is equipped with a R&S DDF550 wideband DF along with a further receiver and has two R&S ADDx multichannel DF antennas, one mast- and the other roof-mounted.
The DDF550 provides a high DF-scan speed with an 80 MHz real-time bandwidth, giving a high probability of intercepting and locating short-duration and frequency-agile signals. It is integrated with the R&S CA120 multichannel signal analysis software, which provides automatic multichannel detection, classification, demodulation, and decoding of signals.
Отправлено: 02.12.23 20:44. Заголовок: Traditionally, a SIG..
Traditionally, a SIGINT system requires special-purpose hardware (both RF and digital) and custom-design algorithms to rapidly and reliably detect targeted signals of interests known a priori. However, recent advances in wireless communications across the globe, especially low-cost software defined radios and their wide availability, readily allow our adversaries to devise and dynamically change communication schemes and patterns that are inherently much harder to detect using such conventional SIGINT means. Consequently, a new SIGINT system is needed that can process in as near real-time as possible a wideband spectrum (500 MHz+) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- that will likely contain a mix of known and well-behaved signals as well as unknown signals with unpredictable properties and behaviors. We propose to develop, implement, and demonstrate a novel High-speed, dynamically Reconfigurable Signals Intelligence (HiReS) system with minimal latency based on COTS Digital Signal Processing (DSP) hardware base to simultaneously handle 100s of diverse, possibly overlapping signals for multi-functional situational awareness. The innovations of the proposed HiReS system consists of: (i) robust, computationally efficient signal acquisition and classification algorithms friendly to parallel processing hardware architecture; and (ii) highly parallelized COTS-based signal processing hardware platforms based on a mix of FPGAs, DSPs, and GPUs.
Отправлено: 02.12.23 20:46. Заголовок: Home ProductsAer..
Home ProductsAerospace | Defense | SecurityRadiomonitoringReceivers and direction findersR&S®PR200 Portable monitoring receiver
R&S®PR200 Portable monitoring receiver
Detect, analyze and locate RF signals from 8 kHz to 8 GHz (20 GHz with R&S®HE400DC and 33 GHz with R&S®HE800-DC30) Extensive preselection filtering and automatic overload protection Comprehensive tool for frequency and time domain analysis with up to 40 MHz real-time bandwidth High-speed panorama scan with up to 60 GHz/s over the entire frequency range Optimized for demanding field operations with an intuitive application-oriented user interface and minimal size, weight and power consumption
Отправлено: 02.12.23 20:54. Заголовок: Frequency range from..
Frequency range from 8 kHz to 40 GHz (base unit from 20 MHz to 18 GHz) Up to 2 GHz real-time bandwidth and scan speeds of up to 2500 GHz/s 8 DDC channels including pulse analyzers within real-time bandwidth Processing of up to 1 million pulses per second Simultaneous processing and analysis of data in time and frequency domain
For basic spectrum measurements, resolution bandwidth is, by far, the most important setting. Most spectrum analyzers use heterodyne based analyzers to measure spectrum by sweeping across a span. The trace showing power versus frequency is drawn from left to right, usually repeatedly.
One way to help understanding resolution bandwidth is to think of it as a window that moves across the span, measuring the level as it goes. Anyhow the resolution bandwidth filter or window isn’t square but has a Gaussian or similar shape. The window also doesn’t move, the spectrum is slid past the window instead. The result is the same, and many RF engineers do think of resolution bandwidth as a moving window or filter that crosses a span.
Resolution bandwidth affects is the ability to separate or resolve closely spaced signals. Two narrow signals can only be separated, if the resolution bandwidth is smaller than the distance between these two signals. If a wider resolution bandwidth is used, both signals are covered by the filter as it sweeps past, and they appear as a single signal in the trace.
Another aspect of resolution bandwidth is the effect it has is on noise. More specifically, resolution bandwidth affects the noise floor, also referred to as displayed average noise level, or DANL. The noise floor rises or falls depending on the chosen resolution bandwidth.
What happens to the noise floor when the resolution bandwidth is decreased? As an example, a simple CW signal and a rather large span of 2 GHz is used.
With a resolution bandwidth of 3 MHz, the average value of the noise floor is approximately -73 dBm Narrowing the resolution bandwidth to 300 kHz, drops the noise floor to – 84 dBm At an RBW of 30 kHz, the noise floor falls again to -93 dBm At RBW equals 3 kHz, the noise floor has an average value of -104 dBm.
Resolution bandwidth and sweep time
Lowering the resolution bandwidth provides better signal separation and lower noise, so why not always use the lowest possible resolution bandwidth? Resolution bandwidth is essentially a filter, and narrow filters take a longer time to settle, or get a stable result, compared to wider filters. This means sweeping slows down when using smaller resolution bandwidths in order to get accurate results. Sweeping too quickly leads to both amplitude and frequency errors.
The main factor determining the sweep time of a spectrum analyzer is the resolution bandwidth. What’s the right sweep time? Most analyzers automatically compute sweep time based on resolution bandwidth and span. This setting can be overridden but decreasing the automatically calculated sweep time is usually not a good idea.
The optimal resolution bandwidth is almost entirely a function of the signal being measured, and often must be determined by experimentation. There is a trade-off between speed and selectivity / noise. On most spectrum analyzers, not any arbitrary value for resolution bandwidth can be chosen, but can be selected in certain steps, e.g. 1 kHz, 3 kHz, 10 kHz, 30 kHz. Video bandwidth
The last basic parameter is video bandwidth. To understand video bandwidth, the term video signal must be explained. Traces are essentially an envelope of the power at individual frequencies, and this envelope is called the video signal. It’s named video since, in the old days, this signal was applied to the vertical deflection of a cathode ray tube in order to draw a video trace on the screen. In modern spectrum analyzers, video bandwidth is a filter used to average or smooth out the displayed trace.
Unlike resolution bandwidth, video bandwidth only affects how the signal is displayed, not the way it is measured or acquired.
Lowering video bandwidth at a video bandwidth of 200 kHz a fair amount of noise can be seen on the signal. This noise is reduced, when the video bandwidth is lowered to 20 kHz, and decreases even further when video bandwidth is lowered to only 2 kHz. Lowering video bandwidth only reduces noise on the trace, it does not drop the noise floor like resolution bandwidth does. It also doesn’t improve the ability to resolve or separate closely based signals.
Отправлено: 02.12.23 21:32. Заголовок: The original design ..
The original design brief was to achieve a receiver capable of scanning a band from 100 kHz to 6 GHz in less than 1 second. The additional requirements were: an instantaneous bandwidth of up to 20 MHz; a final IF suitable for feeding a digital receiver with around 100 Msps sample rate; a minimum signal sensitivity of -107 dBm and; a dynamic range of at least 80 dB.
8 Figure 10 is a side view, showing more clearly the board interconnections and the various coaxial inputs and outputs. Finally, Figure 11 is a view of the Filter Board (screen lid removed) showing the very compact, low cost design – 14 separate switched filters on a board 103mm x 65mm x 7mm. CONCLUSIONS The overall performance objectives were met comfortably in all respects, with the possible exception of static spurs. These have, however, been reduced to below the specified level by the method of off- tuning the 1st and 2nd LO’s described above. The overall size of 165mm x 103mm x 25mm (6.5” x 4” x 1”) and the power consumption of approx 7 Watts at +9v allowed the end customer to stay well within his size and power constraints. The scan time from 100 kHz to 6 GHz in 20 MHz steps was well under 1second. Finally, the production cost target of sub £1000 was, originally, met comfortably although recent weakening of Sterling has affected this somewhat due to components priced in USD.
Figure 3. Improved frequency plan: The IF harmonics are outside the IF band, which means the image filtering is realizable.
Figure 3 shows a comparison when the same RF operating band is sampled in the 2nd Nyquist zone. The higher IF frequency results in the image frequency that is much further away from the operating band and the RF image filters are significantly easier to implement. In addition, any harmonics created in the IF amplifiers can be filtered by the antialiasing filter and the only IF harmonics that will be created are the ones inside the ADC itself.
In general, a higher IF frequency in the 2nd or 3rd ADC Nyquist zone is preferred from a spurious perspective. We will outline the benefits by first showing a frequency plan translating a 10 GHz operating band to the 1st Nyquist of a 3 GHz ADC, then show the benefits when operating in the 2nd Nyquist zone.
Figure 2 shows the frequency translation of a 1 GHz operating band at 10 GHz to the 1st Nyquist zone of a 3 GSPS ADC. Two primary issues are illustrated. First, the RF image frequency is very closely spaced to the operating band requiring a very difficult filter for image suppression. Second, any IF created from the IF amplification stages are in-band and unable to be filtered by the antialiasing filter.
Realizing New Receiver Architectures
Heterodyne receiver architectures are well understood and have been proven over many years. Historically, many microwave receivers have been implemented with dual downconversion architectures. With the ADCs available in previous generations, the large ratio of operating band frequencies to ADC input frequencies made image filtering impractical with a single downconversion receiver architecture. New ADCs increasing in both sample rate and analog input bandwidth now make high performance wideband single downconversion architectures practical and easily realizable.
An example single downconversion receiver architecture is shown in Figure 1. The front-end LNA is chosen for noise figure performance. If needed, a limiter is added in front of the LNA to increase the survive power capability of the front end. An operating band filter is next to attenuate out-of-band interference. Next, additional gain and/or gain control can be added as needed. Prior to the mixer, a low-pass filter can reduce RF harmonics that add to mixing spurious output. The mixer is a critical building block and chosen to optimize performance in the frequency translation bands of interest. Another low-pass filter following the mixer filters upper sidebands prior to amplification. Additional IF gain is added as needed. The anti-aliasing filter is typically the final component prior to the ADC and rejects any frequencies that can fold in band through the sampling process. The ADC is next and, although it is last in the chain, is typically the first component chosen while the rest of the receiver is built around the ADC.
As high speed ADCs continue to push to higher sample rates, bit depths, and bandwidth, integrating DDCs and ADCs becomes more attractive to wideband EW receiver system designers since the enormous amount of digital data from the ADC can become difficult to process with a low SWaP processor. For more information on DDCs and some practical examples, please see “What’s Up with Digital Downconverters” Part 1 and Part 2 by Jonathan Harris.
Отправлено: 03.12.23 17:59. Заголовок: A common question is..
A common question is “how much instantaneous bandwidth can I achieve with the highest spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR)?” For a direct RF sampling architecture, this question can be interpreted as “how much instantaneous bandwidth can I achieve while avoiding HD2, HD3, and their alias products?”
The AD9082 is a state-of-the-art, direct RF sampling transceiver with two 6 GSPS ADCs and four 12 GSPS digital-to-analog converters (DACs). For the pur- pose of this analysis, the focus is only on the ADCs.
As the decimation increases, performance improvements for both SFDR and SNR are observed. For SFDR, the increases are obtained by filtering out the HD2 prod- uct. As decimation increases from 2× to 4×, the HD2 product falls out of band and is digitally filtered out. For decimation from 8× to 16×, the HD3 product falls out of band and is digitally filtered out. For all decimation settings above 8× the SFDR of the AD9082 is roughly 100 dB or higher.
In a wideband mode, the AD9082 can achieve SNR of ~56 dBFS and SFDR of ~70 dBc, and through a software reconfiguration to a narrow-band mode the AD9082 can achieve SNR of ~73 dBFS and SFDR of ~105 dBc. That flexibility between narrow-band and wideband modes while maintaining best-in-class performance in both is unique to devices like the AD9082. It also requires that the engineering team designing these direct RF sampling transceivers consider many aspects of receiver design while optimizing the radio design.
Отправлено: 03.12.23 18:07. Заголовок: Figure 4. The AD9082..
Figure 4. The AD9082 with decimation set to 96×. Measured SNR is 72.8 dB and measured SFDR is 105 dB. SNR is a more linear improvement, as the decimation filters reduce the amount of integrated noise for the receiver chain. With no decimation, the SNR is 56.4 dBFS; at 8× decimation, the SNR is 63.5 dBFS; and at 96× decimation, the SNR is 72.8 dBFS. As a point of comparison, best-in-class data converter performance for ~100 MSPS devices like the AD9467 and LTC2208 is an SNR of 75 dB and an SFDR of 100 dBc. This class of performance has long been required by the heterodyne signal chains in which ADCs like the AD9467 were commonly used. The AD9082 can achieve the same noise and dynamic range, while eliminating the heterodyne signal chain size, weight, power, and cost—and it is also able to scale to much higher instantaneous bandwidths as required!
The CSS-1500 payload is designed to replace currently fielded signals intelligence systems and was developed entirely with internal funds, Carter said. The unit utilizes 15 processors to create six channels that scan the entire radio frequency communications spectrum six times each second,
SIGINT operational activities, on the basis of the emitted electromagnetic signals, sent by, for example, the enemy communication systems. A single kit, along with the relevant hardware, is not to weigh more than 9 kilograms. The system is also going to be tailored to being mounted on vehicles, it should also be operable in a stationary setting, within the framework of a surveillance and tracking outposts network, at night and during the day.
The backpack SIGINT package is expected to be capable of covering the bandwidth between 20 MHz – 8 GHz, with the bandwidth of 3 MHz – 8 GHz defined as the preferred one. The operational temperature range requirement has been set between -10 and +40 degrees Celsius.
Small Form-Factor Multichannel VHF/UHF/Microwave Transceiver
The HTLx2-U is a 4 channel Software Defined Radio designed to support various missions.
Extended frequency range 2 MHz-20,000 MHz. 100 MHz instantaneous BW/channel, 400 MHz total
Herrick Technology Laboratories Inc. (HTL) is a leading provider of high performance, SIGINT/EW/Communications products and systems to the US Department of Defense. HTL designs and manufactures integrated hardware and software products and systems implemented through a Core Software Defined Radio (SDR) platform. The SDR platform incorporates high performance, multi-channel RF and Microwave receive and transmit (transceiver) functionality along with mission specific firmware/software applications. HTL products are deployed in demanding mission environments, requiring best in class SWaP-C (Size, Weight and Power - Cost).
Отправлено: 04.12.23 15:08. Заголовок: In this letter, a th..
In this letter, a three-step approach is proposed to achieve an accuracy below 0.1° RMSE. At first, the condition of the value of the maximum phase-different error required to resolve the ambiguity is obtained. Next, the method to obtain an unambiguous array spacing with the maximum phase difference error for multiple-element array is presented. Finally, the set of the array spacing having both the long baseline for satisfying the required DF accuracy and the maximum phase-different error for appropriately resolving the ambiguity is selected. The simulation results show that a DF accuracy of less than 0.1° RMSE can be achieved by using a set of array spacing with five-element arrays in a wide range of frequencies.
A novel method to obtain approximate DF ambiguity probabilities for four- and five-element arrays was presented in this Letter. As the results of comparisons between the proposed method and other methods including simulations showed, the DF ambiguity probability obtained by the proposed method for the five-element array was in good agreement with the results of simulations.
Broadband Uplink (Earth-to-space) 14.0-14.5 GHz the highest transmit power is 4.06 W and thehighest EIRP for all carriers is 38.2 dBW. The antenna gain is highest at boresight (33.2 dBi and 34.6 dBi for the receive and transmit antennas , respectively) and lowest at maximum slant (30.6 dBi and 32.0 dBi for the receive and transmit antennas, respectively) уровень боковых лепестков для пeлeнгa -20db
b. 2 пoста радиоразведки-база 20 километра противник на удалении 14.142 км от каждого поста,10 kм перпендикуляр к базе
равносторонний треугольник с углами 45 градусов ,
при допустимой ошибкe пеленга 0.1 градуса (tg(45.1)-tg(45) )x 10000 = +- 35 метр Оши́бка
0.1 градуса -высокий результат --------------------------------------------------
Multiple Array Spacings for an Interferometer Direction Finder With High Direction-Finding Accuracy in a Wide Range of Frequencies
Jung-Hoon Lee, Jong-Kyu Kim,
Young-Ju Park Published in IEEE Antennas and Wireless… 7 February 2018 novel method for achieving high direction-finding (DF) accuracy that is below 0.1° root mean square error (RMSE) in phase interferometer systems is proposed. To do this, unambiguous array spacing with maximum phase-difference error is first obtained, and then the set of array spacing with both the longest baseline and the maximum phase-different error is selected. An example to achieve an accuracy below 0.1° RMSE in the frequency range of 6–18 GHz with a field of view of 120° is provided to validate the proposed method. Simulation results show that 0.026° RMSE DF accuracy is achieved
нo использовать Краснополь с отклонением 3-5 метров без внешней коррекции с БПЛА нецелесообразно
Краснополь 3-4 миллионa рублей пo сопоставимым ценам 110 000 euro Exalibur Танк армата 152 мм -300 миллионов рублей пo сопоставимым ценам 13 mln euro Leopard 2a7
ниже возможные варианты но они не дешевле ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
BONUS gives 155 mm cannon artillery long-range capability searchof targets within a given search footprint, up to 32,000 square meters. =круг с диаметром 200 метров https://www.baesystems.com/en/product/155-bonus
SMArt 155 (Suchzünder Munition für die Artillerie 155, sensor-fuse munition for 155mm artillery) is a German 155 mm artillery round, designed for a long range, indirect fire top attack role against armoured vehicles. The SMArt carrier shell contains two submunitions with infrared sensor and millimeter wave radar, --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- which descend over the battlefield on ballutes and attack hardened targets with explosively formed penetrator warheads. SMArt 155 is very similar to BAE Systems AB’s Bofors 155 Bonus system; BONUS descends on a system of winglets rather than a parachute
Тактико-технические характеристики: 1. Состав: - управляемый координатор с антенной; - передающий канал; - приемный канал; - перепрограммируемая бортовая вычислительная система в составе управляющего компьютера и сигнального процессора. 2. Дальность захвата цели с ЭПР=5 м2 не менее 13 км. 3. Быстродействие бортовой вычислительной системы не менее 50.10 in 6 оп/с. 4. Объём памяти (ППЗУ) бортовой вычислительной системы не менее 64К. 5. Время готовности после предварительного включения накала на передатчик - 1с. 6. Длина (без обтекателя) 400 мм. 7. Масса (без обтекателя) не более 8 кг. 8. Диаметр 150 мм.
По желанию Заказчика параметры АРГС могут изменяться. #################### SBIR
Traditionally, a SIGINT system requires special-purpose hardware (both RF and digital) and custom-design algorithms to rapidly and reliably detect targeted signals of interests known a priori. However, recent advances in wireless communications across the globe, especially low-cost software defined radios and their wide availability, readily allow our adversaries to devise and dynamically change communication schemes and patterns that are inherently much harder to detect using such conventional SIGINT means. Consequently, a new SIGINT system is needed that can process in as near real-time as possible a wideband spectrum (500 MHz+) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 nm Analog-to-Digital Converters Enable Next-Generation Electronic Warfare Receiver Systems https://www.analog.com/en/technical-articles/28-nm-adcs-enable-next-gen-electronic-warfare-rec-sys.html
In general, a higher IF frequency in the 2nd or 3rd ADC Nyquist zone is preferred from a spurious perspective. We will outline the benefits by first showing a frequency plan translating a 10 GHz operating band to the 1st Nyquist of a 3 GHz ADC, then show the benefits when operating in the 2nd Nyquist zone.
Figure 4. The AD9082 with decimation set to 96×. Measured SNR is 72.8 dB and measured SFDR is 105 dB. ----------------------- SNR is a more linear improvement, as the decimation filters reduce the amount of integrated noise for the receiver chain. With no decimation, the SNR is 56.4 dBFS; at 8× decimation, the SNR is 63.5 dBFS; and at 96× decimation, the SNR is 72.8 dBFS. As a point of comparison, best-in-class data converter performance for ~100 MSPS devices like the AD9467 and LTC2208 is an SNR of 75 dB and an SFDR of 100 dBc. This class of performance has long been required by the heterodyne signal chains in which ADCs like the AD9467 were commonly used. The AD9082 can achieve the same noise and dynamic range, while eliminating the heterodyne signal chain size, weight, power, and cost—and it is also able to scale to much higher instantaneous bandwidths as required!
Small Form-Factor Multichannel VHF/UHF/Microwave Transceiver The HTLx2-U is a 4 channel Software Defined Radio designed to support various missions. Extended frequency range 2 MHz-20,000 MHz. 100 MHz instantaneous BW/channel, 400 MHz total
Herrick Technology Laboratories Inc. (HTL) is a leading provider of high performance, SIGINT/EW/Communications products and systems to the US Department of Defense. HTL designs and manufactures integrated hardware and software products and systems implemented through a Core Software Defined Radio (SDR) platform. The SDR platform incorporates high performance, multi-channel RF and Microwave receive and transmit (transceiver) functionality along with mission specific firmware/software applications. HTL products are deployed in demanding mission environments, requiring best in class SWaP-C (Size, Weight and Power - Cost).
Small Form-Factor Multichannel HF/VHF/UHF/Microwave Transceiver The HTLw-U is a 4 channel Software Defined Radio designed to support various missions. Extended frequency range 2 MHz-18 GHz with 1 GHz IFBW per channel (4 GHz total coverage)
------------------------------
Home ProductsAerospace | Defense | SecurityRadiomonitoringReceivers and direction findersR&S®PR200 Portable monitoring receiver
R&S®PR200 Portable monitoring receiver
Detect, analyze and locate RF signals from 8 kHz to 8 GHz (20 GHz with R&S®HE400DC and 33 GHz with R&S®HE800-DC30) Extensive preselection filtering and automatic overload protection Comprehensive tool for frequency and time domain analysis with up to 40 MHz real-time bandwidth High-speed panorama scan with up to 60 GHz/s over the entire frequency range Optimized for demanding field operations with an intuitive application-oriented user interface and minimal size, weight and power consumption
Frequency range from 8 kHz to 40 GHz (base unit from 20 MHz to 18 GHz) Up to 2 GHz real-time bandwidth and scan speeds of up to 2500 GHz/s 8 DDC channels including pulse analyzers within real-time bandwidth Processing of up to 1 million pulses per second Simultaneous processing and analysis of data in time and frequency domain
Electronic warfare, radar and ELINT applications demand direct RF solutions to deliver low-latency, fast data processing solutions for critical real-time decision-making. The DRF3182 offers heterogenous FPGA processing with explosive A/D & D/A speeds of 51.2 GSPS, Ku band frequency coverage from 2-18 GHz and six 100 GigE interfaces with an aggregate throughput of 75 GB/sec
phased interferometer or an array is a high-cost and large-size system with a very high-resolution and an RMS of 0.1° to 3° [11]. Most RWR systems use a four-quadrant amplitude comparison for DF, where only one antenna per quadrant is usually employed to cover the 2 to 18 GHz band. Sensitivity and accuracy can be improved by increasing the number of antennas, e.g., employing eight antennas would provide 3 dB more gain and double the accuracy [11].
idekiq VPX410 is a revolutionary, CMOSS/SOSA - aligned software- defined radio (SDR) multichannel RF tuner solution enabling SIGINT/EW/ Communications use cases in a 3U VPX form factor. Combining four RF receive tuners plus one RF transmit tuner in a single 3U VPX card, Sidekiq VPX410 enables access to RF spectrum between 1MHz and 18 GHz with up to 1 GHz of instantaneous bandwidth per channel.
Отправлено: 14.12.23 00:09. Заголовок: challenge was to ins..
challenge was to instantaneously and continuously monitor 10 MHz – 18 GHz with sufficient accuracy and dynamic range to detect and report any RF signals that could potentially damage the sensors in the satellite payload. The system’s front end would be located close to the launch site, where it would be exposed to extreme environmental shock and vibration conditions, while the digital signal processing would be performed in a receiver at a sheltered location 10 km away. A 100 Gb/s fiber optic network would transport the high-speed digital data from the launch site to the receiver site. Size, weight, power, and cost (SWaP-C) were important drivers for development and manufacturing. After an in-depth design effort, BANC3’s team turned to Intel and Analog Devices to provide the critical components necessary to accomplish this challenging mission.
This design is implemented using three AD9208 ADCs and one Intel® Stratix® 10 FPGA.
30-6000 MHz tuning range Independent or Coherent Tuning Less than <10 W Up to 40 MHz Digitized Bandwidth Fast 300 usec tune time Precision Time Tagging Software definable FFT/DDC options Up to 64 Digital Down Converters (DDC’s
--------------------------- WRX-626G-D https://www.mms-rf.com/products/wrx-626g-d 6-26 GHz Coherent Dual Channel Ultra-Wideband Microwave Digital Receiver 4.08" x 6.91" x 1.21"
6-26.5 GHz tuning range Two complete RF Tuners Phase Coherent Operation 500 MHz Digitized BW per RF Tuner 8 DDC’s (100 MHz BW per DDC) 125 MSPS I/Q 16-bit data for each DDC 1 Gb Ethernet Control and Spectrum 40 Gb IQ Data Interface (QSFP+) Precision Time Tagged Data Streams Low Power: <40 W VITA-49 and SDDS data formats Low Phase Noise (0.30° RMS, typ., <18 GHz) Low 14 dB noise figure Manual and Automatic Gain Control
-------------
MSDD-118/126G-D Dual Channel Phase Coherent Miniature 1-18/26 GHz Microwave Digital Receiver 4.0” x 7” x 2”
800 MHz – 18/26.5 GHz tuning range Two complete RF Tuners Phase Coherent Operation 60 MHz analog WBIF output (@70 MHz IF) Manual Gain Control / AGC
Отправлено: 17.12.23 03:55. Заголовок: ADC components with ..
ADC components with sampling frequency in the range of gigasamples per are fundamental to capture wideband signals. In ADCs, one of the most important parameters is its spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) that quantifies its ability to distinguish a carrier frequency from noise and harmonics so ADCs with a high SFDR can detect weaker signals in a noisy environment. SFDR can be improved by suppressing unwanted harmonics with antialiasing filters, but this is not feasible in wide-band applications, so the ADC must provide wideband SFDR.
Several requirements are common to almost any SIGINT application. First, the system must be able to capture a spectrum over a wide bandwidth. This includes devices with high dynamic range measurement systems, low noise-figures, and real-time capturing capabilities. Besides measuring over a wide spectrum, high-frequency resolution (< 1 kHz) is fundamental to improve detection sensitivity.
Отправлено: 17.12.23 09:04. Заголовок: State of the Art Tun..
State of the Art Tuner Chipsets for Electronic Warfare Applications
By Marki Microwave, Posted Wed May 29 2019
Modern battlefields are awash in electronic signals from radars, jammers, and radio communications. Therefore, high linearity EW receivers for applications such as Radar Warning Receivers, Jammers, and Electronic Countermeasures are one of the most important capabilities for the modern warfighter. Any electronic warfare system, regardless of its ultimate goal, must first detect the electromagnetic signals around it using a receiver. One of the most common subcomponents in an electronic warfare receiver is a microwave tuner, which scans a given bandwidth (frequently from 2-18 GHz) and converts these signals to a baseband receiver.
This heterodyne tuner architecture using multiple conversions is extremely common.
Depending on system requirements (and in particular whether the entire spectrum needs to be visible at once, or whether the receiver is trying to focus on a single threat at a time) all of these techniques are used. In this tech note we will focus on the double conversion architecture from option 3, as shown below:
At first this architecture may seem overly complex, especially as it uses higher frequency components that are more difficult to realize than in a direct conversion scheme. However, this architecture dramatically reduces the in-band spurs. If we imagine the same scenario where the user wants to identify a 6 GHz threat, the tuner would use a 28 GHz LO and see the following spurs in band:
number and intensity of the spurs that are present in the converted band (in particular the elimination of the image frequency). In the first scheme the isolation from RF to IF is a concern at low frequencies, and isolation from the LO back to the RF path is a concern at all frequencies. In this double conversion scheme none of the isolations are critical (other than that they determine spur suppression). A much more detailed spur analysis is given below, but the spur problem is greatly reduced compared to the direct conversion scenario.
Отправлено: 18.12.23 01:45. Заголовок: State of the Art Tun..
to :https://guraran.ru/prezidiym_raran.html
copy for information to ..
re: все российские бронемашины в настоящее время оснащаются системами радиоэлектронной борьбы (РЭБ) "Лесочек". - Владимир Путин/ the double conversion architecture dramatically reduces the in-band spurs. State of the Art Tuner Chipsets for Electronic Warfare Applications 2-18 Ghz -стоимость ,технология ,схемотехника
"Вы знаете: и в системах РЭБ многие вещи появляются. Вы наверняка знаете все эти названия, может быть, даже лучше меня. "Лесочек" - новая система, практически на все бронемашины ставится, ну, насколько это возможно, конечно. Будем наращивать, разумеется" - Владимир Путин
стоимость важнейших компонентов для двухканального приемника 6000+900+4680+6000 =approx 17500 usd +фильтры +ниокр + сборка + настройка = approx 100 000 120 000 usd приемлемо ,compare стоимость снаряда 152 mm Exalibur 110 000 euro
соответствующей технологии и схемотехники ADC/FPGA 0.028 micron нет есть в Китайской народной республике,на схемотехнику ADC лучше скопировать, это инженерно тоже не простая задача ############################################ цены в России ниже чем в Америке ,нo соответствующей технологии и схемотехники ADC нет Танк Армата с 152 мм пушкой= 300 миллионов рублей, compare Leopard 2A7 13 mln euro Коалиция СВ ? миллионов рублей compare Pzh 2000 17 mln euro Краснополь -3 миллионa рублей compare Exalibur 110 000 euro
Активные боевые действия наступление 1000 Армата = 300 млрд рублей 25 боекомплектов на 50 дней 25x40x1000 1 миллион снарядов Краснополь = 3 триллионa рублей
SIR-4100 ELINT/MASINT Receiver: • Input Frequency 0.1 to 40 GHz • <100 usec in-band switching • 1.8 GHz IF Output with 1GHz BW and instantaneous bandwidth (up to 2 GHz) critical to RWR applications.
два канала x 1.8 GHz IF Output with 1GHz BW -------------
смесители цена с военной приемкой MM1-1850SS+MM1-0626S 0.15 micron GaAs 2x2 (900+600) =6000 usd +4 LO Amplifier Selection we need to discuss the importance and strategy to generate a proper LO drive signal. 4x $226.61 =900 usd
ADC AD9213-6G 0.028 micron с военной приемкой цену умножить на 2 2x2x1170 =4680 usd
Modern battlefields are awash in electronic signals from radars, jammers, and radio communications. Therefore, high linearity EW receivers for applications such as Radar Warning Receivers, Jammers, and Electronic Countermeasures are one of the most important capabilities for the modern warfighter.
In this tech note we will focus on the double conversion architecture this architecture dramatically reduces the in-band spurs. ####################################### from option 3, as shown below: RF 2-17 GHz LO swept 23.5-40.5 GHz First IF 21.5 -22.5 GHz ,Fixed 2LO 23.5 GHz Second IF 1-2 GHz
Component Requirements
2 Mixer Working from right to left, the second mixer in the architecture has an easy enough job, but it should still have sufficient dynamic range to prevent distortions in the downconversion. Marki recommends the MM1-0626S for this slot.
The dynamic range of a system is limited by noise (for low power signals) and distortion (for high power signals). The first component of distortion to be considered is the main signal compression as expressed by the P1dB. For an ultra-broadband system like the wideband tuner, however, the input signal is typically limited to a power level much lower than the P1dB. Spurious products (single and multitone) cause distortions that limit system performance much lower than the main signal compression. The first of these we’ll consider is multitone intermodulation distortion, as expressed by the IP3. Here is a comparison of the IP3 of the different mixer options under our standard frequency plan, but limited to the 2-18 GHz band (due to the band rolloff of the T3). ------------------------------ ADC
https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/ad9213.pdf AD9213-6G 0.028 micron $1,171.12 [url=https://www.analog.com/en/parametricsearch/10826#/p3062=1|1&p7=12|24&p1746=3G|20G]https://www.analog.com/en/parametricsearch/10826#/p3062=1|1&p7=12|24&p1746=3G|20G[/url] 6 GSPS Vp-p -1.4 volt Rin -50 Ohm AIN = −1.0 dBFS Fin 2600 mhz ENOB -8.4 bit SFDR 76 dbFS EXCLUDING 2 OR 3 HARMONIC -85 dbFS (IMD3, 2fIN1 − fIN2) fIN1 AND fIN2 = −7.0 dBFS fIN1 = 1842 MHz, fIN2 = 1847 MHz -80 dbFS 12 mm × 12 mm, 192-ball BGA-ED package Total Power Dissipation (Including Output Drivers -3.47 watt
high speed ADC with a sample rate of 6 GSPS has a first Nyquist zone from DC to 3 GHz, and a second Nyquist zone from 3 GHz to 6 GHz. ----------------------------------------
the carrier frequency 1.8 GHz. Now the HD2 product would fall at 3.6 GHz, and the HD3 product would fall at 5.4 GHz—both of which are in the second Nyquist zone. These HD2 and HD3 products will alias to the first Nyquist zone at 2.4 GHz and 600 MHz, respectively. The HD2 product alias in the first Nyquist zone will occur at 2.4 GHz, and the HD3 product alias in the first Nyquist zone will occur at 600 MHz. What is interesting in the second use case is that now the HD2 and HD3 products are both above and below the desired tone. tone 1800 mhz ------------------------------- HD2 product would fall at 3.6 GHz, HD3 product would fall at 5.4 GHz ----------------------------------------------- HD2 and HD3 products will alias to the first Nyquist zone at 2.4 GHz and 600 MHz,
hat is interesting in the second use case is that now the HD2 and HD3 products are both above and below the desired tone.
600mhz -Tone 1800mhz -2400 mhz -3600 mhz-5400mhz
https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/tech-articles/considering-gsps-adcs-in-rf-systems.pdf ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ADC components with sampling frequency in the range of gigasamples per are fundamental to capture wideband signals. In ADCs, one of the most important parameters is its spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) that quantifies its ability to distinguish a carrier frequency from noise and harmonics so ADCs with a high SFDR can detect weaker signals in a noisy environment. SFDR can be improved by suppressing unwanted harmonics with antialiasing filters, but this is not feasible in wide-band applications, so the ADC must provide wideband SFDR. #######################################
Several requirements are common to almost any SIGINT application. First, the system must be able to capture a spectrum over a wide bandwidth. This includes devices with high dynamic range measurement systems, low noise-figures, and real-time capturing capabilities. Besides measuring over a wide spectrum, high-frequency resolution (< 1 kHz) is fundamental to improve detection sensitivity.
The global tactical military communications market, which comprises airborne, naval, man-portable, vehicular and stationary, is set to see substantial growth over the coming decade. According to market analysis by GlobalData says, by the end of 2028, the sector will be worth $151bn globally. This growth is driven largely by demand for man-portable innovations, which account for more than a third of the market (38%).approx $ 60 bn
The global market for Defense Tactical Radio estimated at US$11.2 Billion in the year 2022, is projected to reach a revised size of US$23.6 Billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 9.8% over the analysis period 2022-2030
Отправлено: 19.12.23 17:39. Заголовок: 0.5 to 40 GHz standa..
0.5 to 40 GHz standard instantaneous RF coverage with angle of arrival (AOA) on every pulse > High-gain antenna for direction finding and ELINT collection > Antenna gain: 24dB at 9 GHz typical > Omni antennas for 360° field of view RECEIVER PERFORMANCE > Multiple superheterodyne and digital receiver channels > Selectable bandwidths (500 MHz to 2.5 MHz for each channel) > 50 nsec minimum pulse width > FMCW radar detection and identification
DF Spinning Antenna Frequency Range Low Band High Band Extended Band 0.5-2.0 GHz 2-18 GHz 18-40 GHz Polarization: 45° Slant Linear Antenna Gain *
All Elevation Beamwidth, 15° Minimum VSWR: < 3.5:1 (measured at feedpoints) Spin Rate: 0 - 200 rpm Sector Scan Rate: >30° Sector: 1° - 60°/sec <30° Sector: 2x Sector Width°/ sec Size (excluding base casting & omni antenna) 19.5” Dia. x 17.5” High Weight 40 lb Omni Directional Antenna Low Band High Band 0.5-8.0 GHz 8.0-40 GHz Polarization Slant Linear Elevation 25° Typical Beamwidth 12° minimum (3 dB points) Deviation from Omni ±4 dB maximum
VSWR: 0.5-0.85 GHZ <6:1 0.85-18.0 GHz <3.5:1 18.0-40.0 GHz <3.5:1 Size 19” Diameter x 15” High (48.26 cm x 38.1 cm) Weight 18 lbs (8.16 kg) Antenna Controller Dimensions (nominal) 15” x 8”x 22” (38.1cm x 20.3cm x 55.9cm) Half Long ATR, ARINC 404A Form Factor Weight 18 lbs (8.16 kg) The Kratos Spinning DF Antenna System is a compact, lightweight, rugged Direction Finding Antenna designed for ground-based, mobile, marine and airborne applications. Frequency coverage is 0.5 to 18 GHz with an extended band version up to 40 GHz available. Antennas are slant linear polarized allowing for vertical, horizontal and circular signal reception
Танк Армата 152 mm стоит 300 миллионов рублей,152 mm Краснополь 3 миллиона рублей
пo сопоставимым ценам Exalibur 110 000 euro
Цена приемлемая Танк Leopard 2A7 стоит 13 миллионов евро ,контракт с Венгрией соответственно стоимость средств радиоразведки ,РЛС ,радиоподавления , системы космической связи в Танкe +10 % 1.3 миллион евро абсолютная норма
Иллюстративный сценарий
синие - ------------ Блуждающие минометы средства радиоразведки с базой пeлeнг азимут и дистанция
красные ----------------- - танк с системой радиоразведки, РЛС ,управляемыми снарядами с дистанционным подрывом
1. красные - система радиоразведки необнаруживаемая ( пассивная только на прием ) противником работает в режиме 24/7 2. синие - запуск бпла на разведку 3. красные - пeлeнг с точностью 1 градус -------------------------------------------------------------------- 4. красные - включается радиоподавление -БПЛА зависает становится неподвижной целью включается РЛС ,огонь управляемым снарядом ,БПЛА сбит лучше уложиться в 30 секунд 5. синие - пeлeнг танкa ,минометный огонь 6. красные - выключается радиоподавление,РЛС танк меняет позицию
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- to: https://vm.ric.mil.ru/Redkollegiya
re:Военная приемка. Т-80БВМ - летающий танк СВО силуэт танка с экраном video c 0:48 если это допустимо ,то внешние антенны радиоразведки ,радиподавления ,рлс 32 x 45 сантиметров тoже...
при скорости полета бпла противника 40 метров в секунду на дальности 5 километров 120 секунд чтобы поразить управляемым снарядом с дистанционным подрывом
3. антенна радиоподавления для диапазона starlink Starlink downlink signal in the 10.7 to 12.7 GHz band
re: все российские бронемашины в настоящее время оснащаются системами радиоэлектронной борьбы (РЭБ) "Лесочек". - Владимир Путин/ the double conversion architecture dramatically reduces the in-band spurs. State of the Art Tuner Chipsets for Electronic Warfare Applications 2-18 Ghz -стоимость ,технология ,схемотехника
"Вы знаете: и в системах РЭБ многие вещи появляются. Вы наверняка знаете все эти названия, может быть, даже лучше меня. "Лесочек" - новая система, практически на все бронемашины ставится, ну, насколько это возможно, конечно. Будем наращивать, разумеется" - Владимир Путин
стоимость важнейших компонентов для двухканального приемника 6000+900+4680+6000 =approx 17500 usd +фильтры +ниокр + сборка + настройка = approx 100 000 120 000 usd приемлемо ,compare стоимость снаряда 152 mm Exalibur 110 000 euro
соответствующей технологии и схемотехники ADC/FPGA 0.028 micron нет есть в Китайской народной республике,на схемотехнику ADC лучше скопировать, это инженерно тоже не простая задача ############################################ цены в России ниже чем в Америке ,нo соответствующей технологии и схемотехники ADC нет Танк Армата с 152 мм пушкой= 300 миллионов рублей, compare Leopard 2A7 13 mln euro Коалиция СВ ? миллионов рублей compare Pzh 2000 17 mln euro Краснополь -3 миллионa рублей compare Exalibur 110 000 euro
Активные боевые действия наступление 1000 Армата = 300 млрд рублей 25 боекомплектов на 50 дней 25x40x1000 1 миллион снарядов Краснополь = 3 триллионa рублей
SIR-4100 ELINT/MASINT Receiver: • Input Frequency 0.1 to 40 GHz • <100 usec in-band switching • 1.8 GHz IF Output with 1GHz BW and instantaneous bandwidth (up to 2 GHz) critical to RWR applications.
два канала x 1.8 GHz IF Output with 1GHz BW -------------
смесители цена с военной приемкой MM1-1850SS+MM1-0626S 0.15 micron GaAs 2x2 (900+600) =6000 usd +4 LO Amplifier Selection we need to discuss the importance and strategy to generate a proper LO drive signal. 4x $226.61 =900 usd
ADC AD9213-6G 0.028 micron с военной приемкой цену умножить на 2 2x2x1170 =4680 usd
Modern battlefields are awash in electronic signals from radars, jammers, and radio communications. Therefore, high linearity EW receivers for applications such as Radar Warning Receivers, Jammers, and Electronic Countermeasures are one of the most important capabilities for the modern warfighter.
In this tech note we will focus on the double conversion architecture this architecture dramatically reduces the in-band spurs. ####################################### from option 3, as shown below: RF 2-17 GHz LO swept 23.5-40.5 GHz First IF 21.5 -22.5 GHz ,Fixed 2LO 23.5 GHz Second IF 1-2 GHz
Component Requirements
2 Mixer Working from right to left, the second mixer in the architecture has an easy enough job, but it should still have sufficient dynamic range to prevent distortions in the downconversion. Marki recommends the MM1-0626S for this slot.
The dynamic range of a system is limited by noise (for low power signals) and distortion (for high power signals). The first component of distortion to be considered is the main signal compression as expressed by the P1dB. For an ultra-broadband system like the wideband tuner, however, the input signal is typically limited to a power level much lower than the P1dB. Spurious products (single and multitone) cause distortions that limit system performance much lower than the main signal compression. The first of these we’ll consider is multitone intermodulation distortion, as expressed by the IP3. Here is a comparison of the IP3 of the different mixer options under our standard frequency plan, but limited to the 2-18 GHz band (due to the band rolloff of the T3). ------------------------------ ADC
https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/ad9213.pdf AD9213-6G 0.028 micron $1,171.12 [url=https://www.analog.com/en/parametricsearch/10826#/p3062=1|1&p7=12|24&p1746=3G|20G]https://www.analog.com/en/parametricsearch/10826#/p3062=1|1&p7=12|24&p1746=3G|20G[/url] 6 GSPS Vp-p -1.4 volt Rin -50 Ohm AIN = −1.0 dBFS Fin 2600 mhz ENOB -8.4 bit SFDR 76 dbFS EXCLUDING 2 OR 3 HARMONIC -85 dbFS (IMD3, 2fIN1 − fIN2) fIN1 AND fIN2 = −7.0 dBFS fIN1 = 1842 MHz, fIN2 = 1847 MHz -80 dbFS 12 mm × 12 mm, 192-ball BGA-ED package Total Power Dissipation (Including Output Drivers -3.47 watt
high speed ADC with a sample rate of 6 GSPS has a first Nyquist zone from DC to 3 GHz, and a second Nyquist zone from 3 GHz to 6 GHz. ----------------------------------------
the carrier frequency 1.8 GHz. Now the HD2 product would fall at 3.6 GHz, and the HD3 product would fall at 5.4 GHz—both of which are in the second Nyquist zone. These HD2 and HD3 products will alias to the first Nyquist zone at 2.4 GHz and 600 MHz, respectively. The HD2 product alias in the first Nyquist zone will occur at 2.4 GHz, and the HD3 product alias in the first Nyquist zone will occur at 600 MHz. What is interesting in the second use case is that now the HD2 and HD3 products are both above and below the desired tone. tone 1800 mhz ------------------------------- HD2 product would fall at 3.6 GHz, HD3 product would fall at 5.4 GHz ----------------------------------------------- HD2 and HD3 products will alias to the first Nyquist zone at 2.4 GHz and 600 MHz,
hat is interesting in the second use case is that now the HD2 and HD3 products are both above and below the desired tone.
600mhz -Tone 1800mhz -2400 mhz -3600 mhz-5400mhz
https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/tech-articles/considering-gsps-adcs-in-rf-systems.pdf ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ADC components with sampling frequency in the range of gigasamples per are fundamental to capture wideband signals. In ADCs, one of the most important parameters is its spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) that quantifies its ability to distinguish a carrier frequency from noise and harmonics so ADCs with a high SFDR can detect weaker signals in a noisy environment. SFDR can be improved by suppressing unwanted harmonics with antialiasing filters, but this is not feasible in wide-band applications, so the ADC must provide wideband SFDR. #######################################
Several requirements are common to almost any SIGINT application. First, the system must be able to capture a spectrum over a wide bandwidth. This includes devices with high dynamic range measurement systems, low noise-figures, and real-time capturing capabilities. Besides measuring over a wide spectrum, high-frequency resolution (< 1 kHz) is fundamental to improve detection sensitivity.
The global tactical military communications market, which comprises airborne, naval, man-portable, vehicular and stationary, is set to see substantial growth over the coming decade. According to market analysis by GlobalData says, by the end of 2028, the sector will be worth $151bn globally. This growth is driven largely by demand for man-portable innovations, which account for more than a third of the market (38%).approx $ 60 bn
The global market for Defense Tactical Radio estimated at US$11.2 Billion in the year 2022, is projected to reach a revised size of US$23.6 Billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 9.8% over the analysis period 2022-2030
Size 19.5 in (50 cm) diameter x 25 in (63.5 cm) height Weight – spinning 50 lbs (22.7 kg) max DF pedestal 25 lbs (11.25 kg) max ---------------- Practical Consideration Factors to Design Array Configuration of Direction Finding System for Airborne Signal Intelligence
Therefore, an airborne antenna is usually confined to a type that can be relatively miniaturized compared with the ordinary volume or one with a plane radiation aperture. This means that the blade, spiral, and horn antennas become the preferred antennas based on the physical aspect. These types of antennas are relatively easy to mount on the skin of an aircraft.
communications emitters in the COMINT band generally have a vertical polarization and the radars in the ELINT band operate with both vertical and horizontal polarization
When designing broadband DF arrays, there are typically two competing requirements. On the one hand, a narrow width for the main beam of an array pattern is desirable to achieve a high DF accuracy
This can be achieved by designing the largest possible apertures, namely, large element spacing. On the other hand, a large bandwidth for the array is of practical interest, in order to achieve a good coverage of the frequency range
As the frequency increases, however, the relative spacing of the antenna elements in terms of the wavelength becomes larger and the grating lobes increase, which degrades the DF performance. Hence, a tradeoff between a reasonable DF accuracy and bandwidth is inevitable. For desirable array configurations, design criteria such as the main beamwidth, bandwidth, and directional gain have to be considered.
In summary, the following evaluation criteria should be considered in order to quantify the design criteria: the half-power beamwidth of the main beam, side lobe distance, directional gain with respect to an isotropic antenna element, RMS performance for DF accuracy, and bandwidth.
The highest performance architecture, though, is that shown in Figure 2C. Multiple parallel RF and digitizer subsystems are implemented, and if the AD9265 is again considered, multiple adjacent 40MHz bands are observed instantaneously. By offsetting each subsystem by almost 40 MHz (some overlap is required) the instantaneous BW can be increased, but clearly this is at the expense of system cost, as the cost of the system is scaled directly with instantaneous bandwidth. Compared to an interleaved approach, the architecture has the benefit of not needing calibration or digital signal processing to remove spurs created by interleaving. Additionally, the system is more resistant to high power blocking or jamming, as the RF/IF gain for each 40 MHz band can be set independently.
65 nm CMOS processes enable higher speed digital signal processing to be implemented within the converter. For example, digital downconversion (DDC) functionality is implemented in both the AD9625 and AD9680 to enable the high speed ADC to dynamically change from providing full bandwidth to a selectable frequency subband within the digitized Nyquist band of >1000MHz. Consider the architecture shown in Figure 3, which illustrates the AD9625 2.5 GSPS, 12-bit ADC with embedded DSP options.
In a wideband mode, the ADC will support surveillance of the RF spectrum in 1 GHz steps, enabling a rapid evaluation of the RF landscape. Once signals of interest are identified it is feasible to direct this data through the DDC. The DDC, using a digital numerically controlled oscillator (NCO) and filtering stages can select a band from anywhere within the Nyquist band of the converter and employ digital decimation by factors of 8 and 16 suppressing the noise floor further. Although this functionality could easily be employed in the digital signal processing stages in devices after the converter, performing this in the ADC itself helps reduce the output data rate of the ADC, and more importantly, the power dissipated in the transmission, significantly reducing the system power when the DDC is utilized.
With the continued emphasis on reducing size, weigh, and power (SWaP) in aerospace and defense systems, new options for the system architect begin to open up as high speed converters continue to see improved linearity in the GSPS region. With the inclusion of digital signal processing features within the high speed converter, a wide range of options and system optimizations begin to unfold making this an exciting period for next generation surveillance systems.
Отправлено: 27.12.23 02:14. Заголовок: he presented data we..
he presented data were taken at RF-, LO-, and IF- frequencies of 1 GHz, 900 MHz and 100 MHz, respectively
Abstract - This paper describes single-balanced passive GaAs FET mixers with different balancing principles for the lower GHz range. The mixers achieve conversion losses of about 7 dB and input third-order intercept points (IIP3) of up to 44 dBm. Port isolation values of more than 70 dB have been achieved. Different balancing topologies, design process and results are being discussed.
Отправлено: 27.12.23 09:36. Заголовок: The high side upconv..
The high side upconversion causes a reversal of the frequencies, so we recommend a heterodyne system with a high side upconversion to a high IF, filtering, andd then a downcoversion to a lower IF for final processing. The other downside? You need a wideband mixer to use the high frequency LO. A wideband mixer much like the ones sold by Marki…. https://markimicrowave.com/technical-resources/application-notes/how-to-tell-when-a-spur-will-matter/
he typical performances are as follows: 0.1 GHz~ 45GHz operation spectrum range (>40 GHz), 900 MHz instantaneous bandwidth, 101 dB·Hz2/3 SFDR and 130 dB·Hz LDR, image rejections of ~80 dB for 1st frequency conversion and >90 dB for 2nd frequency conversion. The proposed approach has two distinguishing features. 1) The optical LO is generated based on a wide-band tuning laser with two major steps, the coarse locking and tuning of the LO frequency by a digital locking unit, and the real-time compensation of the residue frequency-error and the phase-noise by the 2nd frequency conversion unit and the reference extraction unit. The proposed optical LO serve has the advantages of ultra-wide tuning range (>45 GHz), excellent harmonic spurious suppression, and its implementation is relatively simple and reliability. 2) The photonic frequency conversion is based on the superheterodyne configuration. This photonic-based superheterodyne configuration has two stages of frequency conversion. In the first stage, RF signals is converted to a fixed high-intermediate frequency. In the second stage, the high-IF signal is down-converted to a low-IF. Combining with the RF processing in the front-end before EOM and the IF processing after the photoelectric detection, the proposed photonic frequency conversion shows several advantages of ultra-wide frequency conversion range (≥45 GHz), larger instantaneous bandwidth (>900 MHz), higher interference/spurious suppression capability. Acknowledgment This work was partially supported by Independent Innovation Fund of Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, and Independent research and development projects of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation.
re: В России создали новые комплексы радиоэлектронной борьбы (РЭБ), которые превосходят зарубежные аналоги, заявил президент РФ Владимир Путин/. Китай ,высококачественный приемник комбинация фотоники и электронных компонентов 0.1 GHz~ 45GHz operation spectrum range, 900 MHz instantaneous bandwidth, 101dB·Hz2/3 SFDR , image rejections of ~80 dB
1. GPS Galileo диапазоны и форма сигнала известны,в радиоразведке нет необходимости ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Комплекс «Поле-21» был разработан в Научно-техническом центре радиоэлектронной борьбы (НТЦ РЭБ).
Основным руководящим оперативным документом МО еще в конце 70-х годов справедливо определено, что в комплекс мероприятий РЭБ входит выявление радиоэлектронных объектов в системах управления противника. Действительно, без предварительной разведки таких радиоэлектронных объектов (выполняемой в основном разведывательными частями, а также подразделениями и средствами разведки частей РЭБ) невозможна организация радиоэлектронной борьбы в период подготовки боевых действий. А без исполнительной (непосредственной) разведки РЭС противника, выполняемой в основном с помощью разведаппаратуры комплексов радиоэлектронного подавления и комплексов самонаводящегося на излучение РЭС оружия, невозможно ведение радиоэлектронной борьбы в ходе боевых действий. ...подход (с начала 60-х и до конца 80-х гг.) состоял в том, что составной частью РЭБ считалось поражение РЭС противника любыми средствами, включая даже ядерное поражение,
Михаил Дмитриевич Любин - полковник в отставке, бывший старший преподаватель кафедры РЭБ Военной академии Генерального штаба.
2. средства связи противника могут работать в диапазонах 0.001 гигагерц - 44 + гигагерц стоимость микросхемы противника ,которая позволяет создать приемник БПЛА или индивидуальный радиостанции, перекрывающий диапазон до 18 гигагерц среднего коммерческого качества всего 350 долларов без военной приемки
SIR-4100 ELINT/MASINT Receiver: • Input Frequency 0.1 to 40 GHz • <100 usec in-band switching • 1.8 GHz IF Output with 1GHz BW and instantaneous bandwidth (up to 2 GHz) critical to RWR applications.
два канала x 1.8 GHz IF Output with 1GHz BW -------------
b. Китай ,высококачественный приемник комбинация фотоники и электронных компонентов ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A Photonics-based superheterodyne RF reception approach Guangyu Gao, Qijun Liang, Ziyu Liu, Huanfa Peng, Qiang Zhao, Naijin Liu Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China https://arxiv.org/pdf/2108.05968v1.pdf
typical performances are as follows: 0.1 GHz~ 45GHz operation spectrum range (>40 GHz), 900 MHz instantaneous bandwidth, 101 dB·Hz2/3 SFDR and 130 dB·Hz LDR, image rejections of ~80 dB for 1st frequency conversion and >90 dB for 2nd frequency conversion. ---------------------------------------------- The proposed approach has two distinguishing features. 1) The optical LO is generated based on a wide-band tuning laser with two major steps, the coarse locking and tuning of the LO frequency by a digital locking unit, and the real-time compensation of the residue frequency-error and the phase-noise by the 2nd frequency conversion unit and the reference extraction unit. The proposed optical LO serve has the advantages of ultra-wide tuning range (>45 GHz), excellent harmonic spurious suppression, and its implementation is relatively simple and reliability. 2) The photonic frequency conversion is based on the superheterodyne configuration. This photonic-based superheterodyne configuration has two stages of frequency conversion. In the first stage, RF signals is converted to a fixed high-intermediate frequency. In the second stage, the high-IF signal is down-converted to a low-IF. Combining with the RF processing in the front-end before EOM and the IF processing after the photoelectric detection, the proposed photonic frequency conversion shows several advantages of ultra-wide frequency conversion range (≥45 GHz), larger instantaneous bandwidth (>900 MHz), higher interference/spurious suppression capability. Acknowledgment This work was partially supported by Independent Innovation Fund of Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, and Independent research and development projects of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation. ---- China EW capability при высоте 10 километров - 425 километров
Figure 14. Orientation and Altitude-Dependent Coverage of Fiery Cross and Mischief Reef Electronic Intelligence Arrays
для постоянного перекрытия диапазона 2-18 гигагерц требуется 16 каналов,в каждом канале супергетеродин с двойным преобразованием частоты и первой промежуточной выше частоты сигнала
Все возможные виды модуляции ,формы сигнала известны,однако неизвестно какую форму сигнала ,модуляция и в каком диапазоне применит противник в конкретном случае в конкретный момент времени.
знание формы сигнала позволяет получить выигрыш пo мощности 20+ db использовать для радиоподавления GaN усилитель с средней мощности 1000 Ватт вместo 100 киловатт
пeлeнг источника излучения позволяет ----------------------------------------------------------------
Multiple Array Spacings for an Interferometer Direction Finder With High Direction-Finding Accuracy in a Wide Range of Frequencies
Jung-Hoon Lee, Jong-Kyu Kim,
Young-Ju Park Published in IEEE Antennas and Wireless… 7 February 2018 novel method for achieving high direction-finding (DF) accuracy that is below 0.1° root mean square error (RMSE) in phase interferometer systems is proposed. To do this, unambiguous array spacing with maximum phase-difference error is first obtained, and then the set of array spacing with both the longest baseline and the maximum phase-different error is selected. An example to achieve an accuracy below 0.1° RMSE in the frequency range of 6–18 GHz with a field of view of 120° is provided to validate the proposed method. Simulation results show that 0.026° RMSE DF accuracy is achieved
a.использовать для радиоподавления остронаправленные антенны , антенна диаметром 50 сантиметров в диапазоне 10 гигагерц имеет коэффициент усиления 32 dbi выигрыш более 1000 пo мощности
b. атаковать управляемым снарядом и ракетой #####################
стоимость важнейших компонентов для двухканального приемника 6000+900+4680+6000 =approx 17500 usd +фильтры +ниокр + сборка + настройка = approx 100 000 120 000 usd приемлемо ,compare стоимость снаряда 152 mm Exalibur 110 000 euro
соответствующей технологии и схемотехники ADC/FPGA 0.028 micron нет есть в Китайской народной республике,на схемотехнику ADC лучше скопировать, это инженерно тоже не простая задача ############################################ цены в России ниже чем в Америке ,нo соответствующей технологии и схемотехники ADC нет Танк Армата с 152 мм пушкой= 300 миллионов рублей, compare Leopard 2A7 13 mln euro Коалиция СВ ? миллионов рублей compare Pzh 2000 17 mln euro Краснополь -3 миллионa рублей compare Exalibur 110 000 euro
Активные боевые действия наступление 1000 Армата = 300 млрд рублей 25 боекомплектов на 50 дней 25x40x1000 1 миллион снарядов Краснополь = 3 триллионa рублей
------
смесители цена с военной приемкой MM1-1850SS+MM1-0626S 0.15 micron GaAs 2x2 (900+600) =6000 usd +4 LO Amplifier Selection we need to discuss the importance and strategy to generate a proper LO drive signal. 4x $226.61 =900 usd
ADC AD9213-6G 0.028 micron с военной приемкой цену умножить на 2 2x2x1170 =4680 usd
Modern battlefields are awash in electronic signals from radars, jammers, and radio communications. Therefore, high linearity EW receivers for applications such as Radar Warning Receivers, Jammers, and Electronic Countermeasures are one of the most important capabilities for the modern warfighter.
In this tech note we will focus on the double conversion architecture this architecture dramatically reduces the in-band spurs. ####################################### from option 3, as shown below: RF 2-17 GHz LO swept 23.5-40.5 GHz First IF 21.5 -22.5 GHz ,Fixed 2LO 23.5 GHz Second IF 1-2 GHz
Component Requirements
2 Mixer Working from right to left, the second mixer in the architecture has an easy enough job, but it should still have sufficient dynamic range to prevent distortions in the downconversion. Marki recommends the MM1-0626S for this slot.
The dynamic range of a system is limited by noise (for low power signals) and distortion (for high power signals). The first component of distortion to be considered is the main signal compression as expressed by the P1dB. For an ultra-broadband system like the wideband tuner, however, the input signal is typically limited to a power level much lower than the P1dB. Spurious products (single and multitone) cause distortions that limit system performance much lower than the main signal compression. The first of these we’ll consider is multitone intermodulation distortion, as expressed by the IP3. Here is a comparison of the IP3 of the different mixer options under our standard frequency plan, but limited to the 2-18 GHz band (due to the band rolloff of the T3). ------------------------------ ADC
Отправлено: 27.12.23 19:24. Заголовок: The 2-24GHz RF Front..
The 2-24GHz RF Front End is a complete RF receiver and transmitter front end designed to meet the specifications of typical wideband instrumentation and electronic warfare (EW) systems. The latest generation of high performance RF/microwave and mixed signal components available from ADI are used to reduce system SWaP (size, weight, and power) and architectural complexity.
The full system block diagram is shown below, consisting of four functional blocks- the receiver front end, transmitter front end, digitizer, and LO generation. This version (18 Aug 2023 14:52) was approved
Historically, increasing the instantaneous bandwidth while maintaining the required linearity required using either multiple overlapping receivers or an interleaved architecture. The overlapped receivers each digitize a portion of the required bandwidth with digital signal processing used to recombine the data and observable spectrum from each channel. For interleaved architecture, it is often used with calibration required to minimize the phases, offset, and gain differences between the converters. Both options are generally expensive to implement but the digital signal processing is often customized to the implementation
re: Капитан 3-го ранга Максим Климов О ситуации на фронте |- видео c 5.50 ...основное средство обнаружения беспилотников глаза и уши высокая интенсивность применения украинских беспилотников,отсутствие российских средства радиоразведки и радиоподавления тактического уровня
видео c 5.50 ...основное средство обнаружения беспилотников глаза и уши
Радиоразведка - измерительный радиоприемник это примерно приемник радиоразведки
российский разработчик https://inwave.ru/products/radiomonitoring/ диапазон рабочих частот комплексов от 8 кГц до 13.5 ГГц покрывает практически все известные стандарты и диапазоны работы средств связи Высокая скорость сканирования (до 20 ГГц/с) и ширина полосы анализа приемных устройств (260 МГц)
Средства радиоразведки ВСУ (Часть 3) Минерва - широкополосный радиомониторинговый приемник. https://dzen.ru/a/YW71Ws0CtGbuYtGm радиомониторинг, поиск, обнаружения и классификация источников радиоизлучения в диапазоне частот 25-40000 МГц с максимальной мгновенной полосой обзора 800 МГц.
это конечно зарубежные аналого-цифровые преобразователи + ПЛИС Xilinx,Altera ( БПЛА Орлан 10 стоимость 10-15 миллионов рублей ПЛИС Xilinx Vertex 6 0.04 micron )
важнейшeе - динамические характеристики приемника - сигнал/шум,динамический диапазон без AРУ,SFDR,IIP3 IMD
это смесители и АЦП c IIP3 35 db
ширина полосы анализа приемных устройств (260 МГц) - АЦП 2.5 GSPS с высоким динамическим диапазоном при широкополосном сигнале AD9625 -2.5 GSPS 0.065 micron стоимость 1100 долларов в партиях пo 1000 штук , с военной приемкой примерно в 2 раза дороже такая технология в России есть на микроне ,отсутствие проекта ,отсталость в схемотехнике
Миландру потребовалось 10 лет для разработки АЦП класса 200 msps , который все равно изготавливается в Малайзии и хуже чем AD9467 выпуска 2010 года с проектными нормами 0.18 micron,которые давно есть в России
отсталость российских схемотехникoв и некомпетентность военно-бюрократического аппарата Министерства обороны ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0.09 микрон есть в России с 2010 года,2010 АЦП AD9467 0.18 микрон 250 msps SFDR 100 dbfs at 170 mhz пуcть полная копия .... за 14 лет так и не появился -------------------- https://habr.com/ru/companies/milandr/articles/530662/ analog_design 1 дек 2020 в 09:18 Скоростной АЦП с нуля. 16 бит за 10 лет
в России технология давно есть AD9467 250 msps на рынке с 2010 года за 120 долларов ,военная версия в 2 раза дороже рекордные показатели пo динамическом диапазону , для системы связи приемник с двойным или тройным преобразованием частоты в диапазонах 0-8 Гигагерц очень хорош, для системы радиоразведки если полоса сигнала не больше 50-60 мегагерц тоже
индивидуальная тактическая радиостанция весом 1.2-1.5 кг с разъемами для подключения внешних остронаправленных антенн, усилителя радиоподавления 0-8 Гигагерц один канал связь со своим БПЛА ,второй для сканирования излучение БПЛА противника
The original design brief was to achieve a receiver capable of scanning a band from 100 kHz to 6 GHz in less than 1 second. The additional requirements were: an instantaneous bandwidth of up to 20 MHz; a final IF suitable for feeding a digital receiver with around 100 Msps sample rate; a minimum signal sensitivity of -107 dBm and; a dynamic range of at least 80 dB.
Modern battlefields are awash in electronic signals from radars, jammers, and radio communications. Therefore, high linearity EW receivers for applications such as Radar Warning Receivers, Jammers, and Electronic Countermeasures are one of the most important capabilities for the modern warfighter.
стоимость важнейших компонентов для двухканального приемника 6000+900+4680+6000 =approx 17500 usd +фильтры +ниокр + сборка + настройка = approx 100 000 120 000 usd приемлемо ,compare стоимость снаряда 152 mm Exalibur 110 000 euro
соответствующей технологии и схемотехники ADC/FPGA 0.028 micron нет есть в Китайской народной республике,на схемотехнику ADC лучше скопировать, это инженерно тоже не простая задача ############################################ цены в России ниже чем в Америке ,нo соответствующей технологии и схемотехники ADC нет Танк Армата с 152 мм пушкой= 300 миллионов рублей, compare Leopard 2A7 13 mln euro Коалиция СВ ? миллионов рублей compare Pzh 2000 17 mln euro Краснополь -3 миллионa рублей compare Exalibur 110 000 euro
Активные боевые действия наступление 1000 Армата = 300 млрд рублей 25 боекомплектов на 50 дней 25x40x1000 1 миллион снарядов Краснополь = 3 триллионa рублей
------
смесители цена с военной приемкой MM1-1850SS+MM1-0626S 0.15 micron GaAs 2x2 (900+600) =6000 usd +4 LO Amplifier Selection we need to discuss the importance and strategy to generate a proper LO drive signal. 4x $226.61 =900 usd
ADC AD9213-6G 0.028 micron с военной приемкой цену умножить на 2 2x2x1170 =4680 usd
Modern battlefields are awash in electronic signals from radars, jammers, and radio communications. Therefore, high linearity EW receivers for applications such as Radar Warning Receivers, Jammers, and Electronic Countermeasures are one of the most important capabilities for the modern warfighter.
In this tech note we will focus on the double conversion architecture this architecture dramatically reduces the in-band spurs. ####################################### from option 3, as shown below: RF 2-17 GHz LO swept 23.5-40.5 GHz First IF 21.5 -22.5 GHz ,Fixed 2LO 23.5 GHz Second IF 1-2 GHz
Component Requirements
2 Mixer Working from right to left, the second mixer in the architecture has an easy enough job, but it should still have sufficient dynamic range to prevent distortions in the downconversion. Marki recommends the MM1-0626S for this slot.
The dynamic range of a system is limited by noise (for low power signals) and distortion (for high power signals). The first component of distortion to be considered is the main signal compression as expressed by the P1dB. For an ultra-broadband system like the wideband tuner, however, the input signal is typically limited to a power level much lower than the P1dB. Spurious products (single and multitone) cause distortions that limit system performance much lower than the main signal compression. The first of these we’ll consider is multitone intermodulation distortion, as expressed by the IP3. Here is a comparison of the IP3 of the different mixer options under our standard frequency plan, but limited to the 2-18 GHz band (due to the band rolloff of the T3).
связь необходима как воздух, так как стандартная зеленая (станция "Азарт") попала в руки к врагу еще в 2017 году, и в средствах РЭР ВСУ с 2018 года закладывался опционал для её вскрытия и выявления - в частности переносной РЭР "Пластун". Врагу даже не было необходимости в расшифровке переговоров через "Азарт" - радиостанции просто высекали по частоте и накрывали артиллерией.
Dimensions 8.5” W x 3.4” H x 7.8” D (without battery) 21.6 cm W x 8.6 cm H x 19.81 cm D (without battery) 8.5” W x 3.4” H x 13” D (with battery) 21.6 cm W x 8.6 cm H x 33.02 cm D (with battery) Weight 9.5 lbs (without battery) 13.3 lbs (with battery) 4.3 kg (without battery) 6.03 kg (with battery)
A few military radios use single sideband (SSB), which can be considered a form of AM. Most of the radios used in the military, however, are FM. These provide flexible, quick, but still reliable communication. The SINCGARS radios mentioned above are a part of the FM radios family.
X500-S is the ideal solution for amphibious operations, maintaining secure high capacity connectivity between floating operations centers, landing crafts and land- based command posts. It offers long range communications of over 30 nautical miles in ship-to-shore applications
Frequency Band 3 (L-Band, 1350-1850 MHz), Band 3+ (L/S-Band, 1350-2690 MHz), Band 4 (C-Band, 4400-5000 MHz), 2.4 GHz ISM, 5.2/5.8 GHz NII/ISM, LTE (700 MHz) Throughput Up to 500 Mbps for system Number of Channels 3 (2 SDR + 1 secure access channel) Radio Access Method TDD/FDD Modulation & Coding BPSK up to 128QAM with Automatic Modulation & Coding (AMC)
Size (HxWxD) 4 x 11.8 x 12'' (102 x 304 x 300 mm) Weight Up to 21 lbs (9.5 kg)
https://fei-elcomtech.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Product-Release-SIR-4000.pdf Ultra – Performance, Receiver up to 40 GHz SIR-4100 ELINT/MASINT Receiver: • Input Frequency 0.1 to 40 GHz • <100 usec in-band switching • 1.8 GHz IF Output with 1GHz BW • 160MHz & 70MHz IF with up to 80MHz BW • Graphical User Interface software ----------------------------- https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10276399 In this paper, a class-C power amplifier (PA) which is broadband and high-gain with an automatic power control loop and a load compensation circuit is proposed. The fundamental power amplifier unit is designed using the GaN HEMT, and the matching circuit is implemented using lumped parameter capacitance and distributed parameter inductance, which can get a further reduction of insertion loss and improvement of the VSWR of the input return loss. According to experimental findings, an output power of 200 W, a gain of more than 47 dB, and a saturated power additive efficiency (PAE) of 20% can be obtained in the 1-6 GHz frequency band. -------------- prototype direction finding 1 GSPS ADC TI ADS5400 https://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/ads5400.pdf?ts=1713025592005&ref_url=https%253A%252F%252Fwww.ti.com%252Fproduct%252FADS5400 https://www.ti.com/product/ADS5400
Jamming is the ability to interfere, distort, or prevent the signal transmission be- fore it received by its desired receiver. There are different ways to place the jamming signal within the spread spectrum bandwidth. In this section, the most effective and commonly used strategies of jamming will be presented.
1.2.1 Barrage Noise Jammer
The jammer transmits bandlimited white Gaussian noise. It is usually assumed that the jammer power spectrum covers exactly the same frequency range as the spread spectrum signal. The effect of the barrage noise jammer on the spectrum is to increase the Gaussian noise level at the output of the receiver down converter. If the power of the jammer signal is PJ watts, and signal has a bandwidth of W Hz, the single-sided power spectral density (PSD) of the jammer is NJ = PJ /W .
1.2.2 Partial Band Jammer
To jam a spread spectrum signal, it is typically more effective to transmit all the available jamming power in a limited bandwidth. This is called a partial band jammer. If the fraction of the spread spectrum signal bandwidth which is jammed is denoted by q, the PSD of the partial band jammer is NJ = PJ /qW , where PJ is the total jamming power and, qW is the limited bandwidth of the signal which is jammed. The partial band jammer is particularly effective against frequency hopping spread spectrum systems because the signal will hop in and out of the jamming band and can be seriously degraded in the jamming band [32], [33].
1.2.3 Single Tone Jammer
The single tone jammer transmits an unmodulated carrier with power PJ some- where in the spread spectrum signal bandwidth. The single tone jammer is easily to generate and is rather effective against direct sequence spread spectrum systems. To achieve the maximum effectiveness of this jammer, the jamming tone should be placed at the center of the spread spectrum signal bandwidth. The single tone jammer is less effective against frequency hopping, since the frequency hopping instantaneous bandwidth is small and, for large processing gains the probability of any hop being jammed is small [33].
1.2.4 Multiple Tone Jammer
A better tone jamming strategy against frequency hopping systems is to use several tones instead of a single tone. However, the power of the single tone jammer will be shared by these multiple jamming tones. The jammer selects a number of tones so that the optimum degradation occurs when the spread spectrum signal hops to a jamming tone frequency. The optimum number of tones is a function of the received ratio of signal power to jammer power (PS /PJ ). Multiple tone jamming is also effective against hybrid systems [33].
1.2.5 ON-OFF Jammer
The ON-OFF jammer (pulsed noise jammer) transmits a pulsed band limited Gaussian noise signal whose power spectral density just covers the spread spectrum system bandwidth W . The duty factor (the fraction of time during which the jammer turns on) for the jammer is denoted by ρ. The received jammer power spectral density is PJ /ρW . This pulsed technique can also be used for single tone, multiple tone and partial band jammers.
1.2.6 Repeater Jammer
A repeater jammer receives the spread spectrum signal, distorts it in some well defined manner, and retransmits the signal at high power. The spread spectrum receiver then receives the distorted signal at high power and it will track and de- modulate this distorted signal. However, there are two main issues that should be considered for this jammer. Firstly, the repeater jammer must distort the spread spec- trum signal or else the jammer will act as a power amplifier for the desired signal. Secondly, receiving and transmitting simultaneously in the same band of frequencies presents formidable practical problems for the jammer.
1.2.7 Smart Jammer
For the jammer to be most effective, the jamming signal must be adapted to the spread spectrum system and to the actual received signal power. A jammer which has knowledge of the type of signaling being used, which can accurately predict the received signal power, and which can adapt to transmit the optimum jamming signal is called a smart jammer. A smart jammer is usually assumed in all worst case designs
re: Константин Сивков Танки Сегодня Видео 1.15 -обеспечивает отражение ударов дронов беспилотников / Танки будущего ВОЕННАЯ МЫСЛЬ 9 20232- /... идти за авиацией СУ-57 / СУ-35C ...все тоже но на дальность не 350 а 20 километров видео Ликбезы (в Донецке )по работе со спектральным анализатором и частотам передачи сигналов современных дронов приемник радиоразведки+ 100 mm Оптика c пзс+ угол возвышения пушки 30 градусов+Снаряд "Тельник" траекторный разрыв ,БПЛА противник уничтожен
Ликбезы по работе со спектральным анализатором и частотам передачи сигналов современных дронов
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Без современной системы связи ,рaдиo и оптической разведки, высокоточныx средства поражения, в том числе на тактическом уровне 1 танк или 1 БМП Российская армия не может считаться современной ###################################################
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